Internet-Draft JOSE/COSE Composite Signatures October 2026
Prabel, et al. Expires 23 April 2027 [Page]
Workgroup:
Javascript Object Signing and Encryption
Internet-Draft:
draft-ietf-jose-pq-composite-sigs-06
Published:
Intended Status:
Standards Track
Expires:
Authors:
L. Prabel
Huawei
S. Sun
Huawei
J. Gray
Entrust
T. Reddy
Nokia

PQ/T Hybrid Composite Signatures for JOSE and COSE

Abstract

This document describes JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) and CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) serializations for Post-Quantum Traditional (PQ/T) hybrid composite signatures. The composite algorithms described combine the Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm (ML-DSA) as the post-quantum component and either the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) or the Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) as the traditional component.

About This Document

This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

The latest revision of this draft can be found at https://ietf-wg-jose.github.io/draft-ietf-jose-pq-composite-sigs/draft-ietf-jose-pq-composite-sigs.html. Status information for this document may be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-jose-pq-composite-sigs/.

Discussion of this document takes place on the Javascript Object Signing and Encryption Working Group mailing list (mailto:jose@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/jose/. Subscribe at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/jose/.

Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/ietf-wg-jose/draft-ietf-jose-pq-composite-sigs.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on 23 April 2027.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

The impact of a potential Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computer (CRQC) on algorithms whose security is based on mathematical problems such as integer factorisation or discrete logarithms over finite fields or elliptic curves raises the need for new algorithms that are perceived to be secure against CRQC as well as classical computers. Such algorithms are called post-quantum, while algorithms based on integer factorisation or discrete logarithms are called traditional.

While switching from a traditional algorithm to a post-quantum one intends to strengthen the security against an adversary possessing a quantum computer, the lack of maturing time of post-quantum algorithms compared to traditional algorithms raises uncertainty about their security.

Thus, the joint use of a traditional algorithm and a post-quantum algorithm in protocols represents a solution to this problem by providing security as long as at least one of the traditional or post-quantum components remains secure.

This document describes JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) and CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) serializations for hybrid composite signatures. The composite algorithms described combine ML-DSA as the post-quantum component and either ECDSA or EdDSA as the traditional component.

2. Conventions and Definitions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

This document follows the terminology for post-quantum hybrid schemes defined in [RFC9794].

This section recalls some of this terminology, but also adds other definitions used throughout the whole document:

"Asymmetric Traditional Cryptographic Algorithm": An asymmetric cryptographic algorithm based on integer factorisation, finite field discrete logarithms, elliptic curve discrete logarithms, or related mathematical problems. A related mathematical problem is one that can be solved by solving the integer factorisation, finite field discrete logarithm or elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. Where there is little risk of confusion asymmetric traditional cryptographic algorithms can also be referred to as traditional algorithms for brevity.

"Post-Quantum Algorithm": An asymmetric cryptographic algorithm that is intended to be secure against attacks using quantum computers as well as classical computers. As with all cryptography, it always remains the case that attacks, either quantum or classical, may be found against post-quantum algorithms. Therefore it should not be assumed that just because an algorithm is designed to provide post-quantum security it will not be compromised.

"Post-Quantum Traditional (PQ/T) Hybrid Scheme": A multi-algorithm scheme where at least one component algorithm is a post-quantum algorithm and at least one is a traditional algorithm.

"PQ/T Hybrid Digital Signature": A multi-algorithm digital signature scheme made up of two or more component digital signature algorithms where at least one is a post-quantum algorithm and at least one is a traditional algorithm.

"Composite Algorithm": An algorithm which is a sequence of two component algorithms, as defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs].

"Component Algorithm": Each cryptographic algorithm that forms part of a cryptographic scheme.

3. Algorithm Key Pair (AKP) Type

This document makes use of the Algorithm Key Pair (AKP) type which is defined in [RFC9964].

As a reminder, the AKP type is used to express public and private keys for use with algorithms. The parameters for public and private keys contain byte strings.

This document makes use of the serialization routines defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs] to obtain the byte string encodings of the composite public and private keys.

The process to compute JWK Thumbprint and COSE Key Thumbprint as described in [RFC7638] and [RFC9679] is detailed in [RFC9964].

4. Composite ML-DSA in JOSE and COSE

The composite algorithms registered in this document are the Composite ML-DSA algorithms defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]. Key generation, signature generation, signature verification, and the serialization of composite keys and signatures are performed exactly as specified in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs], and are not repeated here. In particular, composite keys and signatures are encoded using the SerializePublicKey, SerializePrivateKey and SerializeSignatureValue routines of [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs], and decoded using the corresponding DeserializePublicKey, DeserializePrivateKey and DeserializeSignatureValue routines.

4.1. Use in JOSE and COSE

The Composite ML-DSA algorithms are used in JOSE and COSE as follows:

  • Signatures are produced as described in Section 5.1 of [RFC7515] for JOSE and in Section 4 of [RFC9052] for COSE, using the Composite ML-DSA algorithm as the signature algorithm. The signature value is the output of SerializeSignatureValue.

  • The application context string ctx passed to the Composite ML-DSA signature generation and verification algorithms MUST be the empty string, similarly to [RFC9964]. As a consequence, the context length byte in the message representative M' defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs] is always 0x00.

  • The prefix, as well as the label and the pre-hash algorithm of each composite algorithm, are those defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]. The prefix is the ASCII encoding of the string "CompositeAlgorithmSignatures2025", which in hex is 43 6F 6D 70 6F 73 69 74 65 41 6C 67 6F 72 69 74 68 6D 53 69 67 6E 61 74 75 72 65 73 32 30 32 35. The labels are recalled in Table 6, and the pre-hash algorithms in Table 4 (for JOSE) and Table 5 (for COSE).

  • Composite keys are expressed using the AKP key type (see Section 3). The pub parameter contains the output of SerializePublicKey, and the priv parameter contains the output of SerializePrivateKey. As in [RFC9964], the ML-DSA component of the private key MUST be the 32-byte seed.

For the ECDSA component, the signature, private key and public key are encoded as in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]: the signature as an Ecdsa-Sig-Value [RFC3279], the private key as an ECPrivateKey [RFC5915], and the public key as an uncompressed X9.62 [X9.62-2005] point. Section 4.2 gives guidance on how to produce and parse these encodings. For the EdDSA component, keys and signatures are encoded as defined in [RFC8032].

4.2. ECDSA Encodings

This section describes how to construct and parse the three ECDSA encodings required by this document: the DER-encoded Ecdsa-Sig-Value [RFC3279] and ECPrivateKey [RFC5915] structures, and the X9.62 [X9.62-2005] uncompressed point encoding used for public keys. None of it requires implementers to write a general-purpose ASN.1 encoder or decoder, but implementers who already have access to a standard ASN.1/DER library MAY use it instead for the two DER structures. When such a library is used to encode, its output has to be exactly the encoding described in this section. When it is used to decode, any other encoding has to be rejected. In particular, some libraries include the optional publicKey field of ECPrivateKey by default, which is not permitted here (see Section 4.2.2).

Table 1: Sizes (in bytes) of ECDSA keys and signatures as encoded in this document
Field Encoding used in this document P-256 P-384
Private key ECPrivateKey (Section 4.2.2) 51 64
Public key X9.62 uncompressed point (Section 4.2.3) 65 97
Signature Ecdsa-Sig-Value (Section 4.2.1) <= 72 <= 104

4.2.1. Ecdsa-Sig-Value (Signatures)

Ecdsa-Sig-Value is defined in Section 2.2.3 of [RFC3279] as:

Ecdsa-Sig-Value ::= SEQUENCE {
    r     INTEGER,
    s     INTEGER
}

r and s are the same big-endian integer values used by [RFC7518] and [RFC9053], where they are zero-padded to a fixed length for a given curve (32 bytes each for P-256, 48 bytes each for P-384). As integers, however, r and s can have fewer significant bytes than this fixed length whenever their leading bytes are zero; Step 1 below removes this padding before re-encoding them as DER INTEGERs. Building an Ecdsa-Sig-Value from r and s takes two steps:

  • first, r and s are each turned independently into a DER INTEGER (Step 1);

  • then the two results are wrapped in a DER SEQUENCE (Step 2).

Decoding reverses these two steps. No prior ASN.1 knowledge is assumed below.

Step 1: encode r and s as DER INTEGERs.

A DER INTEGER is written as a 0x02 tag byte, a length byte, and the value's bytes. Because a DER INTEGER is signed, an extra 0x00 byte is prepended whenever the value would otherwise be misread as negative, i.e. whenever its first byte is 0x80 or greater.

Table 2 explains how to turn a raw value (r or s) into its DER encoding.

Table 2: Turning a raw value (r or s) into its DER encoding
First byte after removing leading 0x00 bytes (keeping at least one byte) DER encoding
less than 0x80 0x02, then the length in bytes of the trimmed value, then the trimmed value
0x80 or greater 0x02, then the length in bytes of the trimmed value plus 1, then 0x00, then the trimmed value

The length is always written as a single byte in this document: r, s, and their DER encodings are always well under 128 bytes, so DER's multi-byte "long form" length encoding is never needed here.

For example, for P-256 (32-byte r and s):

  • if r starts with 4F ... (no leading zero byte, and 0x4F is less than 0x80), its DER encoding is 02 20 <r, 32 bytes> (0x20 = 32);

  • if r starts with F3 ... (no leading zero byte, and 0xF3 is greater than 0x80), its DER encoding is 02 21 00 <r, 32 bytes> (0x21 = 33);

  • if r starts with 00 07 ... (one leading zero byte to remove, and 0x07 is less than 0x80), its DER encoding is 02 1F <r without its leading 0x00, 31 bytes> (0x1F = 31).

Step 2: wrap r's and s's DER encodings in a SEQUENCE.

Using the two encodings produced in Step 1, the full Ecdsa-Sig-Value is simply the concatenation

Ecdsa-Sig-Value <- 0x30 || length || r's DER encoding || s's DER encoding

where length is a single byte equal to the combined length, in bytes, of r's and s's DER encodings from Step 1, and r's encoding always comes before s's.

Continuing the example above: taking r's DER encoding from the third case (02 1F <31 bytes>, 33 bytes total) and an s whose DER encoding corresponds to the first case (02 20 <32 bytes>, 34 bytes total), the combined length is 33 + 34 = 67 = 0x43, and the full Ecdsa-Sig-Value is 30 43 <r's DER encoding> <s's DER encoding> (69 bytes total).

Decoding reverses Steps 2 and 1, in that order. An Ecdsa-Sig-Value that is not encoded as described above MUST be rejected.

4.2.2. ECPrivateKey (Private Keys)

ECPrivateKey is defined in [RFC5915] as:

ECPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE {
    version        INTEGER { ecPrivkeyVer1(1) } (ecPrivkeyVer1),
    privateKey     OCTET STRING,
    parameters [0] ECParameters {{ NamedCurve }} OPTIONAL,
    publicKey  [1] BIT STRING OPTIONAL
}

Given the raw, fixed-length ECDSA private key d (curve size n: 32 bytes for P-256, 48 bytes for P-384), the ECPrivateKey is d inserted between two fixed byte sequences that depend only on the curve (the publicKey field is never included):

ECPrivateKey <- bytes before d || d || bytes after d

The fixed byte sequences are given in Table 3:

Table 3: Construction of an ECPrivateKey, by curve
Curve Bytes before d d Bytes after d
P-256 30 31 02 01 01 04 20 <d, 32 bytes> A0 0A 06 08 2A 86 48 CE 3D 03 01 07
P-384 30 3E 02 01 01 04 30 <d, 48 bytes> A0 07 06 05 2B 81 04 00 22

For example, for P-256 (n = 32), with d = D1 D2 ...D32:

30 31                                 SEQUENCE (length 0x31 = 49)
   02 01 01                           version (INTEGER, value 1)
   04 20 D1 D2 ... D32                private key (OCTET STRING)
   A0 0A                              parameters (A0: explicit tag 0)
      06 08 2A 86 48 CE 3D 03 01 07   OID (OBJECT IDENTIFIER, P-256)

An ECPrivateKey used in this document MUST have exactly this form: the parameters field MUST be present and contain the OID of the curve, and the publicKey field MUST NOT be present.

Decoding reverses the same construction. The decoder checks that the ECPrivateKey has the length given in Table 1 and that the bytes before and after d are those of Table 3, and then reads d between them. An ECPrivateKey that fails this check MUST be rejected, even if it is valid according to [RFC5915]. This is the case, for example, when the publicKey field is present.

4.2.3. X9.62 Uncompressed Point (Public Keys)

The ECDSA public key in this document is encoded as the X9.62 [X9.62-2005] uncompressed point:

ECDSA public key <- 0x04 || x || y

where x and y are the same raw, fixed-length, big-endian coordinate values already used by [RFC7518] and [RFC9053] (32 bytes each for P-256, 48 bytes each for P-384).

5. Composite Signature Instantiations

The ML-DSA signature scheme supports three possible parameter sets, each of which corresponding to a specific security strength. See [FIPS.204] for more considerations on that matter.

The combinations in Table 4 and Table 5 are a subset of those defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]. As explained there, each ML-DSA parameter set is paired with commonly deployed traditional algorithms, rather than with a traditional algorithm of exactly the same security level, as such an exact match is difficult to define, since there is no consensus on how to compare security against classical adversaries with security against quantum adversaries.

The [FIPS.204] specification defines both pure and pre-hash modes for ML-DSA, referred to as "ML-DSA" and "HashML-DSA" respectively. This document only specifies a single mode which is similar in construction to HashML-DSA. However, because the pre-hashing is done at the composite level, only the pure ML-DSA algorithm is used as the underlying ML-DSA primitive.

5.1. JOSE algorithms

The following table defines a list of algorithms associated with specific PQ/T combinations to be registered in [IANA.JOSE].

Table 4: JOSE Composite Signature Algorithms for ML-DSA
Name First Algorithm Second Algorithm Pre-Hash Description
ML-DSA-44-ES256 ML-DSA-44 ecdsa-with-SHA256 with P-256 SHA256 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA256
ML-DSA-65-ES256 ML-DSA-65 ecdsa-with-SHA256 with P-256 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA256
ML-DSA-65-ES384 ML-DSA-65 ecdsa-with-SHA384 with P-384 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA384
ML-DSA-87-ES384 ML-DSA-87 ecdsa-with-SHA384 with P-384 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA384
ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 ML-DSA-44 Ed25519 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and Ed25519
ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 ML-DSA-65 Ed25519 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and Ed25519
ML-DSA-87-Ed448 ML-DSA-87 Ed448 SHAKE256 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and Ed448

Examples can be found in Appendix A.1.

5.2. COSE algorithms

The following table defines a list of algorithms associated with specific PQ/T combinations to be registered in [IANA.COSE].

Table 5: COSE Composite Signature Algorithms for ML-DSA
Name COSE Value First Algorithm Second Algorithm Pre-Hash Description
ML-DSA-44-ES256 TBD (request assignment -54) ML-DSA-44 ecdsa-with-SHA256 with P-256 SHA256 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA256
ML-DSA-65-ES256 TBD (request assignment -55) ML-DSA-65 ecdsa-with-SHA256 with P-256 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA256
ML-DSA-65-ES384 TBD (request assignment -56) ML-DSA-65 ecdsa-with-SHA384 with P-384 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA384
ML-DSA-87-ES384 TBD (request assignment -57) ML-DSA-87 ecdsa-with-SHA384 with P-384 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA384
ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 TBD (request assignment -58) ML-DSA-44 Ed25519 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and Ed25519
ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 TBD (request assignment -59) ML-DSA-65 Ed25519 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and Ed25519
ML-DSA-87-Ed448 TBD (request assignment -60) ML-DSA-87 Ed448 SHAKE256 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and Ed448

Examples can be found in Appendix A.2.

5.3. Composite Labels for JOSE and COSE

The JOSE and COSE composite label values are listed in Table 6.

They are represented here as ASCII strings, but implementers MUST convert them to byte strings using the obvious ASCII conversions prior to concatenating them with other byte values, as in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs].

Table 6: JOSE/COSE Composite Label Values
"alg" Header Parameter Label (in ASCII) Label (in Hex encoding)
ML-DSA-44-ES256 COMPSIG-MLDSA44-ECDSA-P256-SHA256 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 34 34 2D 45 43 44 53 41 2D 50 32 35 36 2D 53 48 41 32 35 36
ML-DSA-65-ES256 COMPSIG-MLDSA65-ECDSA-P256-SHA512 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 36 35 2D 45 43 44 53 41 2D 50 32 35 36 2D 53 48 41 35 31 32
ML-DSA-65-ES384 COMPSIG-MLDSA65-ECDSA-P384-SHA512 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 36 35 2D 45 43 44 53 41 2D 50 33 38 34 2D 53 48 41 35 31 32
ML-DSA-87-ES384 COMPSIG-MLDSA87-ECDSA-P384-SHA512 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 38 37 2D 45 43 44 53 41 2D 50 33 38 34 2D 53 48 41 35 31 32
ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 COMPSIG-MLDSA44-Ed25519-SHA512 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 34 34 2D 45 64 32 35 35 31 39 2D 53 48 41 35 31 32
ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 COMPSIG-MLDSA65-Ed25519-SHA512 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 36 35 2D 45 64 32 35 35 31 39 2D 53 48 41 35 31 32
ML-DSA-87-Ed448 COMPSIG-MLDSA87-Ed448-SHAKE256 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 38 37 2D 45 64 34 34 38 2D 53 48 41 4B 45 32 35 36

6. Security Considerations

The security considerations of the component algorithms (ML-DSA, ECDSA, and EdDSA) as described in [FIPS.204], [RFC6090], and [RFC8032] apply to this document.

Similarly, the security considerations relative to the JWS, JWK, AKP and COSE structures [RFC7515], [RFC7517], [RFC9964] and [RFC9052] apply to this document.

The security considerations of [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs] also apply to the composite algorithms used in this document.

In addition, the following considerations specific to the composite design and its use in JOSE/COSE must be taken into account.

6.1. Hybrid Security and Quantum Resistance

An important objective of Composite ML-DSA is to provide protection against CRQCs. Under a CRQC, traditional signature algorithms (ECDSA, EdDSA) are vulnerable to private-key recovery, enabling attackers to forge arbitrary JWS objects or COSE_Sign/COSE_Sign1 structures and fully impersonate the signer.

By requiring the successful verification of both the ML-DSA component and the traditional component, this construction ensures:

  • An adversary that compromises only one of the component algorithms cannot produce cryptographically protected JOSE/COSE objects as long as the other component remains secure. In particular, this prevents JOSE/COSE signature spoofing and impersonation attacks even if the traditional signature component is compromised.

  • The scheme provides existential unforgeability under chosen-message attack (EUF-CMA) provided that at least one component algorithm is EUF-CMA secure and the pre-hash function PH is collision-resistant. This is the case for all combinations present in this document: ML-DSA, ECDSA and EdDSA are designed to be EUF-CMA secure (the latter two against classical adversaries only), and the pre-hash functions used (SHA-256, SHA-512, and SHAKE256 with 64-byte output) are collision-resistant.

6.2. Component Key Integrity and Reuse

The security analysis of Composite ML-DSA in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs] assumes that the two component keys of a composite key are freshly generated together and are not used anywhere else. The considerations below apply to composite keys used with JOSE and COSE.

  • To avoid key reuse, when generating a new composite key, the key generation functions for both component algorithms MUST be executed. Moreover, compliant parties MUST NOT use, import, or export component keys that are used in other contexts, combinations, or as standalone keys. In particular, existing key material, such as an ECDSA, EdDSA or ML-DSA key already published as a JWK or COSE_Key, MUST NOT be reused as a component of a composite key. If a component key is also used on its own, a component signature taken out of a composite signature verifies under that key as a signature over the message representative M'. The prefix and label leave evidence that the signature comes from a composite, but they do not prevent this. Key reuse MUST therefore be avoided despite the weak non-separability of the combiner.

  • A composite public key can be conveyed in an X.509 certificate, using the x5c header parameter in JOSE (Section 4.1.6 of [RFC7515]) or the x5chain header parameter in COSE [RFC9360]. Such a certificate carries the composite key as specified in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs], with the same serialized public key as the pub parameter. In that case, the binding between the composite key and the signer is only as strong as the signatures on the certificates of the chain. A quantum adversary cannot forge a certificate signed with Composite ML-DSA as long as ML-DSA remains secure. If a certificate of the chain is signed with a traditional algorithm only, such an adversary can obtain a certificate for a composite key of its choice, and the composite signature on the JWS or COSE object no longer provides protection against a CRQC. The same holds for any other mechanism used to distribute composite public keys.

6.3. Domain Separation and Non-Separability

The Composite ML-DSA signature combiner defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs] prepends a fixed Prefix and an algorithm-specific Label to the pre-hashed message before signing.

  • By binding the two component signatures to the specific composite algorithm, the composite scheme achieves "weak non-separability" as defined in [RFC9955].

  • The label, specific to each composite algorithm, helps protect against component signatures being removed from the composite and used in another context. However, it does not fully prevent it as the traditional component still verifies under the traditional algorithm as a signature over M', which is why key reuse is forbidden.

For more information about the security properties relative to the signature combiner, the user can read [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs].

6.4. Security Objectives and Limitations

In JOSE/COSE, the security objective of digital signatures is to ensure that only an authorized signer can produce a valid signature over a given protected header and payload.

Therefore, users should be aware of specific scenarios where Composite ML-DSA may not be appropriate:

  • The ECDSA combinations are not SUF-CMA secure against classical or quantum adversaries, since ECDSA signatures are malleable. The Ed25519 and Ed448 combinations are SUF-CMA secure against classical adversaries, but are not SUF-CMA secure against quantum adversaries, who can break the traditional component. Consequently, applications for which SUF-CMA security is a strict requirement SHOULD NOT use Composite ML-DSA. An application can still use it, after carefully weighing the security implications, if it only needs strong unforgeability against classical adversaries and uses an Ed25519 or Ed448 combination, or if it needs strong unforgeability only to obtain a unique identifier for an object and identifies the object by a signed identifier such as jti [RFC7519] or cti [RFC8392] rather than by the signature value.

  • Composite ML-DSA does not guarantee that a message has a single valid signature. Applications therefore cannot use the signature value, or a hash of the complete JWS or COSE object, as a unique identifier.

  • Replay protection is not handled by the signature itself but must be addressed through claims such as exp, nbf, and jti in JOSE (Section 4.1 of [RFC7519]) or the equivalent claims in COSE (Section 3 of [RFC8392]).

7. IANA Considerations

7.1. JOSE Algorithms

The following values of the JWS "alg" (algorithm) are requested to be added to the "JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms" registry. They are represented following the registration template provided in [RFC7518].

7.1.1. ML-DSA-44-ES256

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-44-ES256

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA-256

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): RFC XXXX

  • Algorithm Analysis Documents(s): [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]

7.1.2. ML-DSA-65-ES256

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-65-ES256

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA-256

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): RFC XXXX

  • Algorithm Analysis Documents(s): [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]

7.1.3. ML-DSA-65-ES384

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-65-ES384

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA-384

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): RFC XXXX

  • Algorithm Analysis Documents(s): [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]

7.1.4. ML-DSA-87-ES384

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-87-ES384

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA-384

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): RFC XXXX

  • Algorithm Analysis Documents(s): [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]

7.1.5. ML-DSA-44-Ed25519

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-44-Ed25519

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and Ed25519 using SHA-512

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): RFC XXXX

  • Algorithm Analysis Document(s): [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]

7.1.6. ML-DSA-65-Ed25519

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-65-Ed25519

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and Ed25519 using SHA-512

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): RFC XXXX

  • Algorithm Analysis Document(s): [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]

7.1.7. ML-DSA-87-Ed448

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-87-Ed448

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and Ed448 using SHAKE-256

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): RFC XXXX

  • Algorithm Analysis Document(s): [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]

7.2. COSE Algorithms

The following values are requested to be added to the "COSE Algorithms" registry. They are represented following the registration template provided in [RFC9053], [RFC9054].

7.2.1. ML-DSA-44-ES256

  • Name: ML-DSA-44-ES256

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -54)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA-256

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: RFC XXXX

  • Recommended: No

7.2.2. ML-DSA-65-ES256

  • Name: ML-DSA-65-ES256

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -55)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA-256

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: RFC XXXX

  • Recommended: No

7.2.3. ML-DSA-65-ES384

  • Name: ML-DSA-65-ES384

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -56)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA-384

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: RFC XXXX

  • Recommended: No

7.2.4. ML-DSA-87-ES384

  • Name: ML-DSA-87-ES384

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -57)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA-384

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: RFC XXXX

  • Recommended: No

7.2.5. ML-DSA-44-Ed25519

  • Name: ML-DSA-44-Ed25519

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -58)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and Ed25519 using SHA-512

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: RFC XXXX

  • Recommended: No

7.2.6. ML-DSA-65-Ed25519

  • Name: ML-DSA-65-Ed25519

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -59)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and Ed25519 using SHA-512

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: RFC XXXX

  • Recommended: No

7.2.7. ML-DSA-87-Ed448

  • Name: ML-DSA-87-Ed448

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -60)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and Ed448 using SHAKE-256

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: RFC XXXX

  • Recommended: No

8. References

8.1. Normative References

[FIPS.204]
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), "Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard", , <https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.204.pdf>.
[I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]
Ounsworth, M., Gray, J., Pala, M., Klaußner, J., and S. Fluhrer, "Composite Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm (ML-DSA) for use in X.509 Public Key Infrastructure", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs-19, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs-19>.
[IANA.COSE]
IANA, "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)", n.d., <https://www.iana.org/assignments/cose/cose.xhtml>.
[IANA.JOSE]
IANA, "JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE)", n.d., <https://www.iana.org/assignments/jose/jose.xhtml>.
[RFC2119]
Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC3279]
Bassham, L., Polk, W., and R. Housley, "Algorithms and Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, DOI 10.17487/RFC3279, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3279>.
[RFC5915]
Turner, S. and D. Brown, "Elliptic Curve Private Key Structure", RFC 5915, DOI 10.17487/RFC5915, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5915>.
[RFC6090]
McGrew, D., Igoe, K., and M. Salter, "Fundamental Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithms", RFC 6090, DOI 10.17487/RFC6090, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6090>.
[RFC7515]
Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Signature (JWS)", RFC 7515, DOI 10.17487/RFC7515, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7515>.
[RFC7517]
Jones, M., "JSON Web Key (JWK)", RFC 7517, DOI 10.17487/RFC7517, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7517>.
[RFC7518]
Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", RFC 7518, DOI 10.17487/RFC7518, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518>.
[RFC7638]
Jones, M. and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Key (JWK) Thumbprint", RFC 7638, DOI 10.17487/RFC7638, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7638>.
[RFC8032]
Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", RFC 8032, DOI 10.17487/RFC8032, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8032>.
[RFC8174]
Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
[RFC9052]
Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Structures and Process", STD 96, RFC 9052, DOI 10.17487/RFC9052, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9052>.
[RFC9679]
Isobe, K., Tschofenig, H., and O. Steele, "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) Key Thumbprint", RFC 9679, DOI 10.17487/RFC9679, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9679>.
[RFC9964]
Prorock, M. and O. Steele, "ML-DSA for JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) and CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)", RFC 9964, DOI 10.17487/RFC9964, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9964>.
[X9.62-2005]
American National Standards Institute, "Public Key Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry: the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)", ANSI X9.62-2005, .

8.2. Informative References

[RFC7519]
Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token (JWT)", RFC 7519, DOI 10.17487/RFC7519, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7519>.
[RFC8392]
Jones, M., Wahlstroem, E., Erdtman, S., and H. Tschofenig, "CBOR Web Token (CWT)", RFC 8392, DOI 10.17487/RFC8392, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8392>.
[RFC9053]
Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Initial Algorithms", RFC 9053, DOI 10.17487/RFC9053, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9053>.
[RFC9054]
Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Hash Algorithms", RFC 9054, DOI 10.17487/RFC9054, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9054>.
[RFC9360]
Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Header Parameters for Carrying and Referencing X.509 Certificates", RFC 9360, DOI 10.17487/RFC9360, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9360>.
[RFC9794]
Driscoll, F., Parsons, M., and B. Hale, "Terminology for Post-Quantum Traditional Hybrid Schemes", RFC 9794, DOI 10.17487/RFC9794, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9794>.
[RFC9955]
Bindel, N., Hale, B., Connolly, D., and F. Driscoll, "Hybrid Signature Spectrums", RFC 9955, DOI 10.17487/RFC9955, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9955>.

Appendix A. Examples

A.1. JOSE 

=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "mldsa_seed": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "ecdsa_d": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
  "jwk": {
    "kid": "bJ8aA7ZIsHYNGb4GVaIxupyHLmFNuU1jThxqAXK0Sio",
    "kty": "AKP",
    "alg": "ML-DSA-44-ES256",
    "pub": "unH59k4RuutY-\
pxvu24U5h8YZD2rSVtHU5qRZsoBmBMcRPgmu9VuNOVdteXi1zNIXjnqJg_GAAxepLqA0\
0Vc3lO0bzRIKu39VFD8Lhuk8l0V-cFEJC-\
zm7UihxiQMMUEmOFxe3x1ixkKZ0jqmqP3rKryx8tSbtcXyfea64QhT6XNje2SoMP6FVi\
BDxLHBQo2dwjRls0k5a-\
XSQSu2OTOiHLoaWsLe8pQ5FLNfTDqmkrawDEdZyxr3oSWJAsHQxRjcIiVzZuvwxYy1zl\
2STiP2vy_fTBaPemkleynQzqPg7oPCyXEE8bjnJbrfWkbNNN8438e6tHPIX4l7zTuzz9\
8YPhLjt_d6EBdT4MldsYe-\
Y4KLyjaGHcAlTkk9oa5RhRwW89T0z_t1DSO3dvfKLUGXh8gd1BD6Fz5MfgpF5NjoafnQ\
EqDjsAAhrCXY4b-\
Y3yYJEdX4_dp3dRGdHG_rWcPmgX4JG7lCnser4f8QGnDriqiAzJYEXeS8LzUngg_0bx0\
lqv_KcyU5IaLISFO0xZSU5mmEPvdSoDnyAcV8pV44qhLtAvd29n0ehG259oRihtljTWe\
iu9V60a1N2tbZVl5mEqSK-\
6_xZvNYA1TCdzNctvweH24unV7U3wer9XA9Q6kvJWDVJ4oKaQsKMrCSMlteBJMRxWbGK\
7ddUq6F7GdQw-3j2M-qdJvVKm9UPjY9rc1lPgol25-oJxTu7nxGlbJUH-\
4m5pevAN6NyZ6lfhbjWTKlxkrEKZvQXs_Yf6cpXEwpI_ZJeriq1UC1XHIpRkDwdOY9MH\
3an4RdDl2r9vGl_IwlKPNdh_5aF3jLgn7PCit1FNJAwC8fIncAXgAlgcXIpRXdfJk4bB\
iO89GGccSyDh2EgXYdpG3XvNgGWy7npuSoNTE7WIyblAk13UQuO4sdCbMIuriCdyfE73\
mvwj15xgb07RZRQtFGlFTmnFcIdZ90zDrWXDbANntv7KCKwNvoTuv64bY3HiGbj-NQ-\
U9eMylWVpvr4hrXcES8c9K3PqHWADZC0iIOvlzFv4VBoc_wVflcOrL_SIoaNFCNBAZZq\
-2v5lAgpJTqVOtqJ_HVraoSfcKy5g45p-\
qULunXj6Jwq21fobQiKubBKKOZwcJFyJD7F4ACKXOrz-\
HIvSHMCWW_9dVrRuCpJw0s0aVFbRqopDNhu446nqb4_EDYQM1tTHMozPd_jKxRRD0sH7\
5X8ZoToxFSpLBDbtdWcenxj-\
zBf6IGWfZnmaetjKEBYJWC7QDQx1A91pJVJCEgieCkoIfTqkeQuePpIyu48g2FG3P1zj\
RF-\
kumhUTfSjo5qS0YiZQy0E1BMs6M11EvuxXRsHClLHoy5nLYI2Sj4zjVjYyxSHyPRPGGo\
9hwB34yWxzYNtPPGiqXS_dNCpi_zRZwRY4lCGrQ-\
hYTEWIK1Dm5OlttvC4_eiQ1dv63NiGkLRJ5kJA3bICN0fzCDY-\
MBqnd1cWn8YVBijVkgtaoascjL9EywDgJdeHnXK0eeOvUxHHhXJVkNqcibn8O4RQdpVU\
60TSA-uiu675ytIjcBHC6kTv8A8pmkj_4oypPd-F92YIJC741swkYQoeIHj8rE-\
ThcMUkF7KqC5VORbZTRp8HsZSqgiJcIPaouuxd1-\
8Rxrid3fXkE6p8bkrysPYoxWEJgh7ZFsRCPDWX-yTeJwFN0PKFP1j0F6YtlLfK5wv-\
c4F8ZQHA_-\
yc_gODicy7KmWDZgbTP07e7gEWzw4MFRrndjbDQRrF9Hy4SxCR_i85uVjpEDydwN9gS3\
          rM6D0oTlF2JjClk_jQuL-Gn-bjufrSnwPnhYrzjNXazFezsu2QGg3v1H1",
    "priv": "\
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAwMQIBAQQgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA\
                         AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGgCgYIKoZIzj0DAQc"
  },
  "jws": "\
eyJhbGciOiJNTC1EU0EtNDQtRVMyNTYiLCJraWQiOiJiSjhhQTdaSXNIWU5HYjRHVmFJ\
eHVweUhMbUZOdVUxalRoeHFBWEswU2lvIn0.\
SXQncyBhIGRhbmdlcm91cyBidXNpbmVzcywgRnJvZG8sIGdvaW5nIG91dCB5b3VyIGRv\
b3Iu.\
n4lG9qkiRMktRpBwUO2U_G5mP7tk1Vf7nNX_0OX398PDkz0wmqHgqLodXrVEmErocDkA\
tSusGOEK-MRIdP7mV_6vy4sjXf_U3cbyDiTu8f9j12jPxjFD7tsx--\
Ld5jLiaCcE17uiacS_w0jQaOhA68nz9Et5U16QfDNLlP9k1pKLuwMFEMoJ8yeNOIzvmu\
3A3aZtD63-\
8gVX3jNGngxoDcSxkrDdeIM1r6Nmvvbe_ZJaIhcYPAmyObtmF9UbSm1SqL7lYBh7kOnK\
268DOj4cG950nKjbS84fRfymZf-yb1Slc24DOJj54PGe6KH5wdckUi-\
o2M3WjmA9VywIkMOpKIziqPC0hHe6Rc2V6uQ9c5XgdBptTxDqk8R_u5lk51hdIHk2C5p\
d_VnZEIE9kWym4MevcLcQkD6KLA-KkDmqoIOiLQA9wzy-\
C2EVTwXFKkWC7IBNKGBXHXNVA9XmNdcTNroM7RRVve2MjM9M5uECQl8l6G5Rc9zsck9P\
uicRRc097_2L6fPQ_CoHZ-MK9iu0f0-\
5spAI60ZikKqp68pVixDFhQ8k59Mby7MTNfkEGLWzAE0XQJrpzJ8_f0IRtWCTyktvqwo\
Ptf81OrKz-MQvV2ii-\
xviKmGqOBnqcAglK_l1OQGbwBa2e1ZlCqJpo2wwtaWzO80KOnKjssuHhidEyjwJArr5a\
8QppITZvKyVrbIWydFhznpD-\
KeqPKQUM8NhlkqI02PE9TCTmBGa_lYkLbLc5GPUJ1WooDYzG21_Okbg9kJDAnK6BqFeG\
IGEmsqVDBPO4zc9tNVm61HCycG9qTgjqN7z-\
8rzB6pqCJT0hygSfCPi6LmHswsiOt9gWPxTgtTQGvQWir-\
htv7LRMC7aM0QDhyJVfM4z3mpx1aJn7cfPgpV1Zx3SEycfHaXYHrIsQjgKA6nFTgtBD-\
iA26967TUHKCL6RyJ_nV6Uw60eMRK1GX8YTtqst6WjGN6m9imXQL3fHwER7hg-\
9m6yyWGojunqmlYe758kC4WrkfGjigR486-GFGwIeZ-\
NaZ39cqAn0tRHySn_P6vtTLRTDwz6y_qARuEERKOIAQx340FDzRXlAqezRjW_7AUOlex\
OpJCzMDiimM3ChDKKUvf3WHejoDCNKdkxwyawOlg__4Lyy_pS4e_mIhMmHL2ALslYYAc\
IWDk2cb_XLy8KsX9nLU3Wa2swYwUJRsUlHaTBFtOL95xBVUJ-\
jMnO0oBKGTlCX1EZ6Hr90cGOJtGj0ngAbuZWJ89vCfyu14o7XbyJMJnbwsRDyJcVTVRk\
HamSdARqd5O-\
S6dNzEICSYxmBCkypBxpM4Mrv_sE4ZWwhNb8a8SOL5vr4MssTRJF_g8fwOj2rK_gLjUs\
h1Ui9qd9si5UIMaXkBvmijGMbu07cVPjsCfyV52uc5wiOCWPvKGiSnf9_jj0d7fY4m2P\
9S1C5sPc4PC2UueRHgv-H00ZJay3Pt7az1MY6B3uMMFiUc78-\
k2pl4y1lVJNciEhwhQdm_dN2uU-\
WwNmfR_XhxiAk4zib_PIA6JhrzUb5zoSapcVUymMP4a8QUp3vb455rHvWV_V0wMY2-\
wni1rgscMTQsxrEEI3p_pAx1nojzuwc8ixkf7xBcGo3Rqrwxf6NwLa8ZTEl1KA2NMLUM\
UIN_yRAqBZ5OUKqu139qHTROOw48Eu6cBouWLAkkaVVECS7VvnyS259OYMxc4Ut0HHRa\
tE16BTIg6dFbKEiZE4kHtvm-bWNut6M7jRAF9NP-\
i50JBT5e9Rx0wxU5OFfS9lEqMvwdzdrrUdyC9M3ZLgDxK46gFbauphmSnW5pUUzN3gSD\
IJntpwO52G6QB06JJZQHwzwu2AFyLXlc4c3Be10eLVuV_oe02r5I9Zwc3SswMwPce3XT\
OzBq9P6TQYzSYc8LUQEyNPaeNrvMshZYTrYuABUOWXuWGdXQ3AA-\
hu8VeeRmBg07qA7_PZJ1l3IFS3V1CMfAPtRIdn0YG-\
JmbtKATdKb_766CdX7ccs8uOyTQSZQGDDWJGMeiRpUOOLP2bntTww3b_3xhbn77cj957\
-\
Dh95Uv_Y74MOslxI4rrEnt1R4RHOU79GTPkeV7UVRx0_5_uDad8BkFselvogGuPHLa2G\
OBRhv90OeXM6ePJ9wFBZQiLu9KEhvpR9ojGelrbhTCIAxalJ-\
eRmIvH6M5th5mSRvG8WkS5nGk0rlwYwM6ery-\
ULL3im_iBYcu9gHf1V4DcoPZ97oDcyWpxd9n9daaL0uYsCZt29AZu1rmATwUKMtQlr2J\
BETA-XKA4zHg03m7LP4bqciXiv4rQW-vvbtVUVE4o9-6qQEHn-\
tyUhxeruOzsFnRhRu0KzX77d1ywqnZ8FEwUkcr2mb6USXnYKwttkkGTpmJ-\
07etU35rw30hlUK8pAwh-\
3irDBvv7gBxt_P8Xw63NJimclQdhHMkaHOOU4ZtSsJ4A3x1cgLjR-0RhcdTpow8-\
pHSl5n81IgEwZc8kDcVtKKmjONh5Sjc05MErnZkSHUlVc0KewUo53ZbVmX2YW0CfQwRc\
a9dyz0zEuGa4WXIPma_QXlpQrumFJsfpYBsyUsXzOs4ZThy-yv1UZQyHNPB_Jtk-\
2vKMyoyzxEczjXMBcb2mPGXX2UxNEsTuTyO5EB9EMaZoReodXPQ33BXXZRwFlCsEmTt7\
BXglUgnGgx4IdTE-\
ZMnohGnh7IRrwdj1vsU8z8Gf7pcucxuLgb6gCtNa9Ou93VipHkMtP2cbQaUlvDuekzTq\
a4Ha2ddDz4Ce-\
QlJw2sKZolnDKWeHnCOiLrXhKX4VXfaJyx5Lnz5_KKpZf4Aumf4cC_Dz2FW9OfuWLne6\
2vllyet4obwlwZzQrCIPzoMMxBBkRbk7Q8H2omROIdNGSG8HPLoVaP1mCwQtOrv8yjE4\
RpoYZp0rt3zjahuDDsDbZioak8iv0kX8Z5PlObuNW3eaoTR6BsGdoV5IYW7EbNIlqteS\
3jNqykFa4qoEXUuIH_PqFvugULnlmZfe9bkP_9wKC1T_8Cxt_2iHG-CSKgKM1pmnX1Ty\
-fgcvuu1-\
bHYv34WoBwftT5lPqZoxTY5hdfmuZLv1kbjIu1qtvDHhfvwIce3nmmb5i6ShvFWWGEoE\
FyUmNTc8P1BVdH-\
Wq7PO8PT3Fxs6Wn6Akaexsr7J3PAPPFZjeJShprLX5foCDyY6O0ZWWGhpb3SMk7LS2d3\
r7_EAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABMhLUIwRQIgS2ipUvNeHif0Ki4PkDtx0aPI7GpZiacijaQ\
            3gukED8oCIQD8PsI480A2A6xnjmINPSjGjbYsQD22lNI9I6Xppr2Rhw",
  "raw_to_be_signed": "\
65794a68624763694f694a4e54433145553045744e44517452564d794e5459694c43\
4a72615751694f694a69536a68685154646153584e4957553548596a5248566d464a\
654856776555684d62555a4f64565578616c526f654846425745737755326c76496e\
302e5358516e6379426849475268626d646c636d39316379426964584e70626d567a\
63797767526e4a765a473873494764766157356e4947393164434235623356794947\
                                                       527662334975",
  "raw_message_representative": "\
436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235434f\
4d505349472d4d4c44534134342d45434453412d503235362d53484132353600ba96\
       70882b8315b4c583eafaeb079e0488fc557aba239ba5f9f562fea63fee52",
  "raw_composite_signature": "\
9f8946f6a92244c92d46907050ed94fc6e663fbb64d557fb9cd5ffd0e5f7f7c3c393\
3d309aa1e0a8ba1d5eb544984ae8703900b52bac18e10af8c44874fee657feafcb8b\
235dffd4ddc6f20e24eef1ff63d768cfc63143eedb31fbe2dde632e2682704d7bba2\
69c4bfc348d068e840ebc9f3f44b79535e907c334b94ff64d6928bbb030510ca09f3\
278d388cef9aedc0dda66d0fadfef20557de33469e0c680dc4b192b0dd788335afa3\
66bef6defd925a2217183c09b239bb6617d51b4a6d52a8bee560187b90e9cadbaf03\
3a3e1c1bde749ca8db4bce1f45fca665ffb26f54a5736e033898f9e0f19ee8a1f9c1\
d724522fa8d8cdd68e603d572c0890c3a9288ce2a8f0b48477ba45cd95eae43d7395\
e0741a6d4f10ea93c47fbb9964e7585d2079360b9a5dfd59d910813d916ca6e0c7af\
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                                                 d23d23a5e9a6bd9187",
  "raw_composite_public_key": "\
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                                  162bce33576b315ececbb6406837bf51f5"
}
Figure 1: ML-DSA-44-ES256 
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "mldsa_seed": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "eddsa_seed": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "jwk": {
    "kid": "5ETztyaAQkvflhmjJ6mtdwlWEb3Nr4ymcDpN8eXQ8h4",
    "kty": "AKP",
    "alg": "ML-DSA-44-Ed25519",
    "pub": "unH59k4RuutY-\
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                                                      DpjrASKGLWdop",
    "priv": "\
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA\
                                                  AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"
  },
  "jws": "\
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  "raw_to_be_signed": "\
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                                                 794947527662334975",
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                                                               d50f",
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                                0d73653215771de243a63ac048a18b59da29"
}
Figure 2: ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "mldsa_seed": "\
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  "ecdsa_d": "\
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    "kty": "AKP",
    "alg": "ML-DSA-65-ES256",
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                                     ae608f18f7625c04fd6d51ebc322fe",
  "raw_composite_public_key": "\
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                                              315ececbb6406837bf51f5"
}
Figure 3: ML-DSA-65-ES256 
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "mldsa_seed": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "ecdsa_d": "\
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\
                                       0000000000000000000000000001",
  "jwk": {
    "kid": "qmo6dT7r6gK-FQQ6vNVm--J2WxyC3mhNu4U8yn0w35w",
    "kty": "AKP",
    "alg": "ML-DSA-65-ES384",
    "pub": "\
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    "priv": "\
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAwPgIBAQQwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA\
        AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABoAcGBSuBBAAi"
  },
  "jws": "\
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                                                  9d7a431d7c90ea0e5f"
}
Figure 4: ML-DSA-65-ES384 
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
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  "eddsa_seed": "\
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    "priv": "\
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                                                     11dcd5de11d90e",
  "raw_composite_public_key": "\
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                                            1de243a63ac048a18b59da29"
}
Figure 5: ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "mldsa_seed": "\
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  "ecdsa_d": "\
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\
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  "jwk": {
    "kid": "yH7Hzh-v4jQOca8n6vLtFOG31o0pT2MDZD5FtvQ7Reg",
    "kty": "AKP",
    "alg": "ML-DSA-87-ES384",
    "pub": "\
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                                                           bbe43222",
  "raw_composite_public_key": "\
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                                                              ea0e5f"
}
Figure 6: ML-DSA-87-ES384 
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "mldsa_seed": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "eddsa_seed": "\
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\
                     0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "jwk": {
    "kid": "qVsShuAUuE5EUbqI481LsrarR_kKdrix0rnVJ226Ko4",
    "kty": "AKP",
    "alg": "ML-DSA-87-Ed448",
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5418cf49bf2d6c8955d4a482a9919b7660b3f9a4404ffc454ea073e1e4b2689ab2cc\
a4e46bd7004a6c491fa26ee7a57d60f35edb2b821e6266442c8f335d452d524c772e\
0353724c23c7dd15b7aa155e91442022140c5fcb0153147edcf3e8952f6f0399a3c8\
8066a72756c9409915de63f64fa797841c57c796c6fc550ef745dfe9f179457f9475\
5ae5a2506a764f327e550be3dc14dd41f3b04b147d454938c63a8d69b2ea4c5710ec\
0b36e3a6c72571fa5d59dde036c42033df35af056966ff0cd1204008971aa6ba9fb9\
7b685ab9ffa2a9d1778104cd2c3b326de1fcbc242e94d0311c3275b12850ed30ceea\
d3a2ee6d060508411d4396f5421d8b6d067cf7cb5e826785fbe119e05e21bd879b64\
f57cb0cd1972c2815f20abe7ce6ab34d0f471af44baad179e90644122f5f33288e68\
9ddddc5ce833e9755df1e73c65c5a201c4ede2ffa6b19274927719d2d38fdb7a65aa\
43708b7fa9a94aa7d3210253d78d3b181e1020d0000bd0a1dc05d447f9f58ebeb84c\
65b36c8afcb83727a1508994e826957a663b0b9b8a003325ab6d6d6462ee4e106019\
c0dffe10323b7bde7d82a38f85fd08786e860ba66c161b64b0708c363de5c6af62d8\
db3c243d1e1b712cb1d59e942b9b6b4295a5a500b182cbd5fd1bc6ce9376d91b47a2\
284f1fbe0ad1c048cc2cfbb4afa3a9eb9697503b69feca990eba7e9441af9ca44cb3\
ac6b5ed66e591c201fe30efa8a7c471dc613d6254c263a8e132104bec47f1aacb3b2\
fcd4051b69b5e3fcb1c147a65c2f90c4b5188bafc521cab03c12a309da50b5a75177\
27ed41228ed123fe1b152f6a6319cd623bf34ad7b8e064ab993260bcbd405f5b7fff\
9b2fa40ba5ed5630242539e5d96823e89dc818a13d16675ee3079d976f694f5acc97\
60ae789e9b3391b289e0e22a7ef17cc6a4577157b6d95c09baa4fd532e3ee0a29081\
0ed35e56bb19d9b61fb98a97c617425b06093d98a5cf0ee2dd127f0eea600b9a0c67\
fbe761db9b77e5d5bba9701da1b883e521a0cfe88451f57bd36085b67e56f061f84a\
2e6a152a71bce6e522daab6a0a33ce22e537fa9793d28b617e6c0a4176a83aa3be57\
8afac0f2f5547c5516d218984755b7445c7143afa4e551fce0071bdb873b34e6b9e2\
b9e79ed0c69d288ed6421f237e860a0c6492ebbdd2a44c2c4f368dbe99941b1e8561\
d859d3859f496cee3d741f252973f8fcc539c409e35cc80a5ed6df23cc3a65601313\
f5d681fd9540c5291a9e30a72e38c96413c47c61ff84fde78d011b01b4154d1b920a\
f003f7abb1e1999dea6a766cf9fd2702b3ce0ee57af931b62124b0861b163a3b91aa\
4bea28076c3432df3b29b6c4e1ba588def420071fc157de90eb2722ecc9ab00df3c6\
69383a61a91bb67bd287ce349b4745ee7a479dbceef166b9acc412eb579fcd643730\
7edda253d606b7be7599c38092bc52a8598480edab8b82b1d21c565d2137ceae0b66\
42619b16133d91205d6355029e9cdfeb9a28b373d95916b6b707d4c712c09cf36daf\
1a511b2bedb1aa70ee58d46a0666bb287784b0a3840c589a7a04d5d6f2216be90aa4\
a512d5632f5c9bfe7b8b13382f999b95d367c7c46b968074ce315197a5ff3545c7b7\
7a804ade56a95b5c24cdece5937b5c0366d93ad03da9bc5db1b551dfb91e9b343d2b\
57b763439686d4a35b3afe03878a49b28232d4f1a442aebde109f807acef7dfd9a7f\
      65b962fe52d6547312cacecff04337508f9d2529a8f1669169b21c32c48000"
}
Figure 7: ML-DSA-87-Ed448

A.2. COSE 

/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ ECDSA private key d (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-44-ES256 /    3: -54,
  / kid /                    2: h'08e7acdb81ec1e3e',
  / public key /             -1:
h'ba71f9f64e11baeb58fa9c6fbb6e14e61f18643dab495b47539a9166ca019813
  1c44f826bbd56e34e55db5e5e2d733485e39ea260fc6000c5ea4ba80d3455cde
  53b46f34482aedfd5450fc2e1ba4f25d15f9c144242fb39bb52287189030c504
  98e1717b7c758b190a6748ea9aa3f7acaaf2c7cb526ed717c9f79aeb84214fa5
  cd8ded92a0c3fa1558810f12c7050a367708d196cd24e5af974904aed8e4ce88
  72e8696b0b7bca50e452cd7d30ea9a4adac0311d672c6bde8496240b07431463
  708895cd9bafc31632d7397649388fdafcbf7d305a3de9a495eca7433a8f83ba
  0f0b25c413c6e39c96eb7d691b34d37ce37f1eead1cf217e25ef34eecf3f7c60
  f84b8edfdde8405d4f832576c61ef98e0a2f28da187700953924f686b9461470
  5bcf53d33fedd4348edddbdf28b5065e1f20775043e85cf931f829179363a1a7
  e7404a838ec00086b0976386fe637c98244757e3f769ddd4467471bfad670f9a
  05f8246ee50a7b1eaf87fc4069c3ae2aa2033258117792f0bcd49e083fd1bc74
  96abff29cc94e4868b21214ed316525399a610fbdd4a80e7c80715f29578e2a8
  4bb40bdddbd9f47a11b6e7da118a1b658d359e8aef55eb46b5376b5b65597998
  4a922beebfc59bcd600d5309dccd72dbf0787db8ba757b537c1eafd5c0f50ea4
  bc9583549e2829a42c28cac248c96d78124c47159b18aedd754aba17b19d430f
  b78f633ea9d26f54a9bd50f8d8f6b73594f828976e7ea09c53bbb9f11a56c950
  7fb89b9a5ebc037a37267a95f85b8d64ca97192b10a66f417b3f61fe9ca57130
  a48fd925eae2ab5502d571c8a51903c1d398f4c1f76a7e11743976afdbc697f2
  3094a3cd761ff9685de32e09fb3c28add453490300bc7c89dc01780096071722
  945775f264e1b0623bcf4619c712c838761205d87691b75ef360196cbb9e9b92
  a0d4c4ed62326e5024d77510b8ee2c7426cc22eae209dc9f13bde6bf08f5e718
  1bd3b459450b451a51539a715c21d67dd330eb5970db00d9edbfb2822b036fa1
  3bafeb86d8dc78866e3f8d43e53d78cca5595a6faf886b5dc112f1cf4adcfa87
  5800d90b48883af97316fe1506873fc157e570eacbfd222868d14234101966af
  b6bf9940829253a953ada89fc756b6a849f70acb9838e69faa50bba75e3e89c2
  adb57e86d088ab9b04a28e670709172243ec5e0008a5ceaf3f8722f487302596
  ffd755ad1b82a49c34b3469515b46aa290cd86ee38ea7a9be3f103610335b531
  cca333ddfe32b14510f4b07ef95fc6684e8c454a92c10dbb5d59c7a7c63fb305
  fe881967d99e669eb632840582560bb403431d40f75a4954908482278292821f
  4ea91e42e78fa48caee3c836146dcfd738d117e92e9a15137d28e8e6a4b46226
  50cb413504cb3a335d44beec5746c1c294b1e8cb99cb608d928f8ce3563632c5
  21f23d13c61a8f61c01df8c96c7360db4f3c68aa5d2fdd342a62ff3459c11638
  9421ab43e8584c45882b50e6e4e96db6f0b8fde890d5dbfadcd88690b449e642
  40ddb2023747f308363e301aa77757169fc6150628d5920b5aa1ab1c8cbf44cb
  00e025d7879d72b479e3af5311c785725590da9c89b9fc3b8450769554eb44d2
  03eba2bbaef9cad2237011c2ea44eff00f299a48ffe28ca93ddf85f76608242e
  f8d6cc24610a1e2078fcac4f9385c314905ecaa82e553916d94d1a7c1ec652aa
  08897083daa2ebb1775fbc471ae27777d7904ea9f1b92bcac3d8a3158426087b
  645b1108f0d65fec93789c053743ca14fd63d05e98b652df2b9c2ff9ce05f194
  0703ffb273f80e0e2732eca9960d981b4cfd3b7bb8045b3c3830546b9dd8db0d
  046b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c2
  964fe342e2fe1a7f9b8ee7eb4a7c0f9e162bce33576b315ececbb6406837bf51
  f5',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  3031020101042000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  00000000000001a00a06082a8648ce3d030107'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-44-ES256 /    1: -54,
    / kid /                    4: h'08e7acdb81ec1e3e'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534134342d45434453412d503235362d5348413235
3600ad9c56542caaef74ac6ad7cbf62386c2f4aac8c329e4a6a614fd272572cc
bead'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-44-ES256 /    1: -54,
    / kid /                    4: h'08e7acdb81ec1e3e'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
  h'2a2fa6272a8cabd04670e6adce8f462c9c905742f528d59012cb6ad1aabe8734
  1df45c39c840a5c2007febfbeb0f755becb8d1bfa4bde4b16656cea016f42f8a
  5cbdc37ff388b419a91ffc31680c14744c3e4d6263f7db6a6d1ab6a983bb6ff3
  5ad62e388b59508913a786ce0fb39d8badbca771021afd7df255002a5ba3dd9c
  0da9b2850a816913c3ef3b353fb24e6294287b7d0799d01056e4ef23aaffb68e
  10a3df96b90ab38d2d4b5e6373d8f321f8c2ffd0a9fc672f8d0bdb677e39ce5d
  c1a3ae817cc1b6bc033bc0fdfea2dba7cd24558bddd594f96c8b21f206b7f2bf
  64b094f829f54f57be1357c3c610e406250f4a689cf00b23f4107b1c07062e55
  b18a73c9ec282abccee312f05a4c057e517647f13593ce6455f1ee721ac7099f
  6bb42f61b8cef0d8faebfa2924a48f2210b25ea1b9daeb698d7d96a3348e921b
  84b98d9fb78111c174aa8f234eb06f02e78a662c2f76302022be516f9012edbf
  26b07b9ee6086d8e5b549d2a953cd35f9a27ad89bbc2747471d38383e4e53c2b
  cddb293fa2807b9baa18d37f8729dad3ee86ff0efa8fe7750eda6d48e838b70a
  94e6b062f402afdb7089bbe24ebd81cfdf0bd73b38c188a9e66bafc3dbe62288
  3d4427c276fd3b101add92294fbee3cf4891022e0899446d76e1c6b20f848965
  f7fa8bfff642c75a3975b8f4317f528ca46d3c08bef2d586be15bf684619017c
  411dcbbefa7333c834f25a137dba319e24b89479a84357765be4be74063d9172
  a1cf2891594b5de34aed7a387ca6928d538e0daf4cfda698545f7ec2a71635a7
  f086e7e342950000a6ce46cf8c52f8139bddb9288cd0e4130b3e90422bc9f464
  fe0453795156f0cd62721e9cc831cc2a9ec0558feb4fa79c1b2b8442b55d9d82
  7e085119afef0c8a6706fba58117c4e5c77f1fe1f766c54f0cd789e383479418
  c5968230d5f86d319d97a009c35c6288c6ac6b7846b3dcc3b9daae92c7759017
  2b77e0ff9258faec938c9996a10d82cbaec999c08a05ee0244002c2383bd110b
  8ad7218cada06646455de2afc247b723961961523b5633fb00bc46aac1bb2a26
  70ac0cb5e79e4335728535c78374dfbafbced9c8a65d01f20435d0500d3622dc
  74ff528cbae4926080c83e4879a0887e168db95c59e85489b0a0146399231f40
  fe9d965908d9f685827d0393a74edf8bf6bc015ab4071dbdfa9e1157db6b63d9
  35144c481966037a464875fff90555c3d055ac8b39b996d3794fc264dd2a334e
  7a0ec253986e283e36c4346e93f97b4f7e62015d72be5352dcc03771c4b4b485
  81367f26296645dd1c886b166b7d91bb8ece9e50a42d86bf22855cdd8c190042
  b502c5d22c7f1f473b25d2c1b5412efaaf5c195c37846bd455c783f9083e46a2
  8a2fcbaeb39a792675ff31431d51a13871091a0c35844904aff57288f076636c
  a826142943837c0ebe5ad0c3210a89d88655c1792c0704dca97bce5b144d3e94
  6100c626d352a1e17e24717fe4478bd9901b0df9fd5eda7eefb1a582732f3a33
  cfa7df15234b59cacf868e1141cb22442e8ccbe970d842b7d1dfe2d6ca1e4ed8
  ccd0f4fbd8d1799177b6c2ef210602b1dd9033ae899c52137937d1538875b152
  dd05357842dd0087325ec0b5343335174968b5b2f15b76db936b6db29bd79e35
  ed9eb0575375a884a3efd57bac1449699b93fe186e0cc6e43b3d0d3e2973033b
  feaf2e1803798b087b049ce8a2c7a2156d1b3a16dde288a158bc740afa154835
  ef7d1b5e6dddbcaafbaf2c490a0bf08a14b69c871576aa370d43cdcb9a0e346a
  4b79f740a8f0168d95c9e2d684ec6759d0302d5346803252bda5bee8d64dee39
  e1686c90a293fb8c2bfedfdc00778141b362e522827a26f3c095ccce0680d7b8
  6b7650cd40f94b272dec01e58da108b0312de29b738b04f26034515a35e4235f
  92b877c5fb64494b54c9e1f8005140ae73b0d60d8ca0f234ae6de7deec60867e
  d3eb04b08602b313c99f69a9497e9a65fb574e1a2e749724fbdea47f58192e96
  17e90afb5a88681042591aa092acbaaf68424287651bca7b1a35fab63936c85c
  440be4aa5a5b86425d7117c6f3a51d499dbf42148cec7dd877733adf30e1c23b
  e878715e58b3538295b02138144b70398bff8124fe2d4931339769e24e563c89
  d75870ffccedb1fd1d5b2eaa2adac94fdf1660dd272513b28b7a2aa8266117e0
  58800dafc46fb20de541d275804933e9e30f5beb5bffa36f4665ba334bf88214
  672a95a104b1877f74ca9b0a18ec2c0769c67871eae04b5b9820fa4e6742c37e
  1ad126a323e28c6c83c2182390297aa304fe8c0b21c85713fbf94f19a2094816
  6c1b5fe68371b509e693fbcfc750aa84eff2608a4d1083647eab2af2a074f475
  732e5fc667c97f1d7374fab7b54897204d61e4f6de7b949a4a8580407f877056
  cb6eee57c95e566fb8f8eb25387f52beacd85813ab6dc779f9b92b278ee414ff
  643ae3bf4c4c449ff35392d5b9e9cd914d1eabfa043ac33d9312ce5b9a82dd04
  eb0491c4584a711c386b78d8e86705c1c07db3cd5a53a3e4ce340f9a178a6107
  eadf883d2ee481ee3c84b73d37d85332b344d235a0ab1cdeb513875949a5948f
  918b1243f43c90b135bc8c4867f53348f563f660efb44401f0aa72e90ddefe65
  7521a382adb5b6100feea242349b70ceff91391e2ad922fb50842a8fdb8a276e
  9f3e5601b8fe27979afd40b1039eaa6b580d672d0a7424162f4a50bd517fe4d3
  3a9cf6d6889895c92aea189b18f6505dd72b9434d2a819e5dd62eae2a3fa26e3
  211e26c7d8751d4fec2304e13839ead9e006d9ba3bbf4a2789339eb2fd974742
  acfecdd9420d3eb68ee031e9d7ad0ca8ab508d9776f2a60e804d0aacad590f60
  bc864b042b0b1e1d90e653bb5171d9637b551b0a04b257866ce2a9830f6822c6
  f56ba8ee1705e527cd5536a09e71acde5faf65e8ce9d3660cd5d4a6e6554c742
  12b01b4baaae32392dc91be9fd764844b7509f7b81c5a54c8ffaba91bc8a9f9a
  db85f46f15a85662adbabf3320164640e5df7d3e1388fd9503ad5f5b43f2945c
  5cdca8cf7f25299ca5b661042fef8a9d3abe25c52003676df0ecda149810dc0f
  eb0e815027994bd1d7b61d80af71b48f22fa709ae8fc80fbc0ead415303d830b
  ea2b10d2f2df077635f7bb9d31ab14e1286e1b4fd20016b869c7fef906d6c257
  148f6bf73d32952b66267b90723e4252d49aadeed1ef89149b684f9747474b8d
  8224afaca962a94c76ead84b91c21fb10c4c3b125c1915978390b525c7010547
  2333393d4e5a6d76777da1a8c7d3d7dee3e9ebf609115584868a979fd4effb01
  1d232931437f929aa9b6bde8020a12172f344b516e7e9fa5b1b6000000000000
  00000000000000000000000000000000141f2c3a3044022064010778b5547a44
  84130febea0dfaabf646d09792c8d5c0cb56010da02c11380220518ecbda4c8a
  f10b5add5af991ed33c9e21ef22c2d0e6aa93a90bbefd410cb69'
])
Figure 8: ML-DSA-44-ES256 
/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ Ed25519 seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 /  3: -58,
  / kid /                    2: h'b930f85dd9be4a04',
  / public key /             -1:
h'ba71f9f64e11baeb58fa9c6fbb6e14e61f18643dab495b47539a9166ca019813
  1c44f826bbd56e34e55db5e5e2d733485e39ea260fc6000c5ea4ba80d3455cde
  53b46f34482aedfd5450fc2e1ba4f25d15f9c144242fb39bb52287189030c504
  98e1717b7c758b190a6748ea9aa3f7acaaf2c7cb526ed717c9f79aeb84214fa5
  cd8ded92a0c3fa1558810f12c7050a367708d196cd24e5af974904aed8e4ce88
  72e8696b0b7bca50e452cd7d30ea9a4adac0311d672c6bde8496240b07431463
  708895cd9bafc31632d7397649388fdafcbf7d305a3de9a495eca7433a8f83ba
  0f0b25c413c6e39c96eb7d691b34d37ce37f1eead1cf217e25ef34eecf3f7c60
  f84b8edfdde8405d4f832576c61ef98e0a2f28da187700953924f686b9461470
  5bcf53d33fedd4348edddbdf28b5065e1f20775043e85cf931f829179363a1a7
  e7404a838ec00086b0976386fe637c98244757e3f769ddd4467471bfad670f9a
  05f8246ee50a7b1eaf87fc4069c3ae2aa2033258117792f0bcd49e083fd1bc74
  96abff29cc94e4868b21214ed316525399a610fbdd4a80e7c80715f29578e2a8
  4bb40bdddbd9f47a11b6e7da118a1b658d359e8aef55eb46b5376b5b65597998
  4a922beebfc59bcd600d5309dccd72dbf0787db8ba757b537c1eafd5c0f50ea4
  bc9583549e2829a42c28cac248c96d78124c47159b18aedd754aba17b19d430f
  b78f633ea9d26f54a9bd50f8d8f6b73594f828976e7ea09c53bbb9f11a56c950
  7fb89b9a5ebc037a37267a95f85b8d64ca97192b10a66f417b3f61fe9ca57130
  a48fd925eae2ab5502d571c8a51903c1d398f4c1f76a7e11743976afdbc697f2
  3094a3cd761ff9685de32e09fb3c28add453490300bc7c89dc01780096071722
  945775f264e1b0623bcf4619c712c838761205d87691b75ef360196cbb9e9b92
  a0d4c4ed62326e5024d77510b8ee2c7426cc22eae209dc9f13bde6bf08f5e718
  1bd3b459450b451a51539a715c21d67dd330eb5970db00d9edbfb2822b036fa1
  3bafeb86d8dc78866e3f8d43e53d78cca5595a6faf886b5dc112f1cf4adcfa87
  5800d90b48883af97316fe1506873fc157e570eacbfd222868d14234101966af
  b6bf9940829253a953ada89fc756b6a849f70acb9838e69faa50bba75e3e89c2
  adb57e86d088ab9b04a28e670709172243ec5e0008a5ceaf3f8722f487302596
  ffd755ad1b82a49c34b3469515b46aa290cd86ee38ea7a9be3f103610335b531
  cca333ddfe32b14510f4b07ef95fc6684e8c454a92c10dbb5d59c7a7c63fb305
  fe881967d99e669eb632840582560bb403431d40f75a4954908482278292821f
  4ea91e42e78fa48caee3c836146dcfd738d117e92e9a15137d28e8e6a4b46226
  50cb413504cb3a335d44beec5746c1c294b1e8cb99cb608d928f8ce3563632c5
  21f23d13c61a8f61c01df8c96c7360db4f3c68aa5d2fdd342a62ff3459c11638
  9421ab43e8584c45882b50e6e4e96db6f0b8fde890d5dbfadcd88690b449e642
  40ddb2023747f308363e301aa77757169fc6150628d5920b5aa1ab1c8cbf44cb
  00e025d7879d72b479e3af5311c785725590da9c89b9fc3b8450769554eb44d2
  03eba2bbaef9cad2237011c2ea44eff00f299a48ffe28ca93ddf85f76608242e
  f8d6cc24610a1e2078fcac4f9385c314905ecaa82e553916d94d1a7c1ec652aa
  08897083daa2ebb1775fbc471ae27777d7904ea9f1b92bcac3d8a3158426087b
  645b1108f0d65fec93789c053743ca14fd63d05e98b652df2b9c2ff9ce05f194
  0703ffb273f80e0e2732eca9960d981b4cfd3b7bb8045b3c3830546b9dd8db0d
  3b6a27bcceb6a42d62a3a8d02a6f0d73653215771de243a63ac048a18b59da29',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 /  1: -58,
    / kid /                    4: h'b930f85dd9be4a04'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534134342d456432353531392d5348413531320045
e21ac849ce0a75816c44fe833a3813eaab74e722d23d859b70a2f92bb12e48b1
530f6ffe4b9dfb8a48bb1783752ce44afc5af9607deb5af43fb2baf4fc76ea'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 /  1: -58,
    / kid /                    4: h'b930f85dd9be4a04'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
  h'7bf842d2aeec91023285382a0ae33a7fbef2fab0c92372dfb9b220f95ee192b6
  a483f66de8027a387cb3f7bd8cdfb49b1d50d6dd8c04bf899fa38923dc4e764c
  e850cfc0e6642040612d548a129594a428c7aeb03b5779ef37ab15022d50494d
  740a4342f7fe9155e7131e2aa9af637faba2d3a52f94af4764421a4cbb9e4849
  96a32b5a98deca539b6c30a496ed3d98c7812de1b035fc8ec9cb13a24705fa00
  cbeb66c372a6701574f72484277a2094d7232164ff466dd3421a4e54ad55937c
  73214643cd205790f50da8bb30256c6bd85d422869b02c7d765501fb306a74b1
  6b70c0dc339a15026181abcb4cae0e00b88d94a732988e3c50eeff8f00207eeb
  8bc1af4a15bf0328160fcea5449b65515969f27b0d45515403166cce0f34857f
  2db9667f0dcdcd7218aca465d4c0d30f903c09c568f6a33ec4da71a9dac435f2
  c05acbda1717335d5fe183a468321d288401ad1b4f0d5d5f8b2450787de3be2c
  5d0a910d343d4e123b364f09be66334d6f2de011de4bdcefcd41f0ad23e40d5b
  54fc62a62519f302c6d6bc0096eaae6e495d49b5550b91d2035ddd7ad5ac5284
  76267420bdc315ecf1f7d256c0b7018cce2d4df032ef278c99af0298cb578276
  0f076a7533acde36c349c0dd9073eb2d313b14aed75f47df6bf4630cb3a94d6f
  83f26f09139199fcfea3286eec1da738d8451a4fca5fd02deb719bec2864bcdb
  dbfbc727ab94f7b6fca8abddfc073695ba1676fbae7950ba4f853a454a30441f
  f5405b306326f461caf9fc5d5a7dd31fc8282590f4196290eb17a98787a4df7c
  d3537870056271c7c300c2436980932acab502607aecfb3bd371dcfb5d2707a0
  46138239e487247e12f7576fc7092c3a77835a0e32b06bcb26e21272a0389815
  6dc55c4c751cee57b3662478884f5d711abe979370a52f5b7c292a90ceca4fa2
  c2fda5aa0bc87719080e16d3617a7f29776a7f57e6b4ccecdceb1db8be05d948
  2ba720cb0cb586b3140209ab51f0f74ae38a0bd141bcf1bbecabd2196af08dd1
  8aec1377d8bd62885611c9f4e3da2c657ec47649cc9cc310aef02329589cd1a6
  e0d852e1829e37cf4e453451818155b981e46f8f8efa32972d5b4ae01561b1ca
  50dc550a069108bec43c2fc63205b960f191b6a87dfed40ad5d0478109314c60
  9db6634a414a6da9474defae417e008c140977bab0165584b9cd794763946163
  726ac885fd45884be8f4a0a34213e447c91722a0268887f2e6dae5b74b82761a
  c21ac7fc3760818bb1dbf42937459967a454f24296b9bc58438384cbfa4cfd47
  47ec124acebe964f99a72860b27e812ef8020ff28485adf1b81687e4d157a3f8
  604cfb7b16af79fa3f7e94cbb07724809d4eca6ff5f9bf3103c14cb6c7801c60
  9c4f63ff53cf0fbee3dc551e55362580b350c8b72fdc5830319ee806a6df4f83
  15b3ea7e49b59a7019b0533859eb11a343e03eefc646e532b35ff794c068c594
  6fd4d9a70da948eb4f355536940292e9acbfe250952ad0fa082a5c7889fc0ca5
  3af6d538cf8585346f1890c1b6fea61095cdf7bb2bc18f7ea84b41f7c1795755
  a63115d4d4549f63ef31bc909972b98a36bdbfe502a5375abf04f32b1ff957b6
  5d70069d0b2a72218fda913c2b999728e2ad3fcfcd9e71aef1395d37fbf56ec8
  3432ef0f177dec6e328bca2455275c9db5b81c29726263d96a2823c72d002610
  0bd6f5d0a596ff03ef0a1193953421c7a6a1f3c9472dcc1e7091c6fc07e77b5b
  70e64e3fbe98769731de15993de329d69174698dc3c5513cf8ae10a5b96f4f53
  9a58fc791969614d792c3fb5b710187b38cd08a2c5b3dd2d7f6424cb0d72a1af
  458d0ac388680e8a3a4c005a00fb5ae34e23cb8284c14abdf8c3e91be32b805f
  861a70c1ba1d1efad90c8c841572e26cecc4e481680ef33dd41186830e2847b9
  fb44694c33f431c7402e054bb566133b704a851c5796561212acad6a082357a8
  905e214c940a8cc90fca25b800cd96c96e1e53895bd08af925db209e3a3bb2a8
  cce3d753494d18c9d856efea5084d7bf9a0c6c1096a89a83239d5bd182864834
  788c6f72356d9c54f439f399268408d9f364922b662054cbca457b3d5ee9fef4
  caac65896b8a39b114b90ff5291aaea1b75187e538b8fdf78f11ef80ba95a1c3
  846874856e60559a16eb5497d810ba46053ceee6b2b215bb69879a604ba6d99c
  b7aba7c485724436cd13ef97175a7de08e8ae47b0f3a50293dcf6b3c69325a11
  df9c03b51e405f271446444b05b5bda324fee4940c15341b6a3cd76d992767a0
  eaa5d8d1dbeb0bda853d4e8023c56409e054cc5a020a102607d827dd08ce54a4
  5b4b97d85b491b2a31f9d563af92fab9de2ae20ca18d81bedd0235430b3c2bc8
  cf6bb81373d2e4fdd21a4c5a9350f3b83eb88afdf8423b9005795ca0c7512ff1
  a849cbf5b1118409f4330bc7b09879233f79b489dfb2ac50b660ffe8246677fb
  da1dfe2b828a74a225357a5c2683302827317a31ade37320476f4d4afa7abc65
  894539e2cda388ee1a917d802afb3eccedb715d596243017baf1775b49b131b2
  13cbcc36bf42dd63946f6d6c477da79982dee0bee695430a5d9847326a8bdbe1
  f1293768a412340f280e6b360f86dd2bcd425b7f9238068826ea21d14d558eb7
  0d884e5a471812a4bc1cfa900e32e80ce7b2a88cca93cd5db80e899fd197b518
  4fac8beacb4dfbc6ce3cdc1d3e8381ab6474b09973dbe69d8c9a2083671f1eba
  ad40b4efde4a22586e8747bd231ea427da9c3e9a4cf6eac893ea82bfdb84dbab
  6d7b60bd2819627c00e82e8292f4cafba88935b2527829e479e7be7bb4736215
  b123fa750f98b8cff289537d100e436bc9b4643caaff0983d133ce334a416459
  af68110b0d5352b9aa8720dfaf44692b57382a394e4bec301fee4ed8b7db430a
  86d224b7dfa1e1dfa234538852e10f7c3f82d044fe73c8008aebf761e88a82f0
  1bb8c57c6cf5b3112728a3f7dca160d7b6bfa91b337d914ee3166f554689a95a
  2331b3c9360801de5546e4ec496c1940cd23dcd93598dbb73d04d8341f806637
  972c24b89e9f7f85caefc77ff086023a51fd670ac7d3807c1525cfa0dbfb3090
  0206338301f60a93ce6340a98bad1f0d4cc986079cc9579a2073f878c42f9d25
  9d0ca9562f9010f6be24d0040ad44ac9eac55bb90f8016486e7cf204a071b446
  0adb74c7adf02a27aba12e87848e4336ff57cb5e9643e48d842deba1a5d3bfe9
  83a00c19163a36a2bd48628078300cf990f2d0c8905634b07640d2ca2a3e3dd7
  022b7f8a8b9fadceff0c104d555c7e96a4bcc7ecf9fd0914222b2e4269788a99
  a0a7b3e8ec0b142333415760969e9fa9b4bcbec0cdddf7000000000000000000
  0000000000000000000000000000000009162537cf4678188930aa96722ddba9
  2e7e4ccee2b4283e90c186ee88b19822430c715b5bfa062e3c144c76a71a8d7f
  744fd4c14b7104f81d731dceac646ca0f80ce90c'
])
Figure 9: ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 
/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ ECDSA private key d (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-65-ES256 /    3: -55,
  / kid /                    2: h'65c28ec7cdef33cd',
  / public key /             -1:
h'424b2f267e58d5b3b44d71acfc6a656bb26950d57c61db1c880bcfa1feab443f
  0942ab8bdbad7d708abbc356078f6d99a252271fe62c74091eb94afb9b9264c5
  0a888e0dfed80cd5fb2cbd3667e60d539ebe44930219cd4faed15dbb3455a264
  802b9f49bce42ee7550feffdd4642a55ade693868a460cbec03f4fc99a4e30bc
  cffa8a475e5395396674ebb81a94937587880f6dbd27bf1c4f5a9ee43cdd8b0e
  53b3b7fb49c73adfbc2d4f8c54303520c29bf97e26ee57db342d957c89393652
  2d0942b41d82ee3772a00570adfb545c1143922b0496f826a0a970064b36ddf5
  34b5f8e1c1cd0b5565ea846b45431f0618143ece89777bb3f61179ad20295fe0
  a6e062ae6eecbc2ef38f2ac1a22dc93b7b126336223c55b61eb8c0795542bbb2
  dc65e722eadc6866ffa9683beb8a999ad7a83e5e6e016c2e4c35f6f7649ad3bd
  52ec67ec1c5c6e7b9972771218be9554bba7727f0b84c44b9b0a8bd831fcff2c
  9779ccd4ca30c6ad75b04983e41de893ee5f39ea7355180b709c7045c22d33a0
  83f6ae07a114746d1bfdccbee5b9043879bb5a2e120e2a4636283f4a1cd4924a
  2de6a4aa3d99ddd88f48aaa4e88bfd1ea769d82c10779f2ded796db542971ca2
  89b76863ede5997b7e9ce183b43ccec278b10d92b87442ce0435bb1625171db5
  554b470239c50d2a0c3a41b2a38807db070b47bfb3e7d10f3cd979d69963c8d7
  9f8029cc4a48eb04fcb3d708844febaa8b6ddff01ab64d59358e6505c4ec1d7c
  bb14ed2212df458ecefc03fe03037b1505a4c9444322f5f98dfa91a4cb8c4586
  0a2dadc7515350bb6d431e49a6bc8f5ba956e682b0e513321a97d1962602891c
  9078f62a8a9646a31387a6f09684264837899e0d8ec7d11c565901298b20b345
  081690eb4c562c1aa3a25bef06566cb34c79bc0b25e4095d6ba793e81311e41a
  3329152686f00d4897f84fc4edf4b26d545365785ead8d63aef64a87c0b91a2e
  5500383956cdf5f6e37cf9d5482d1c8e3a5be38f17259ac45c9fa1c4bd3bf177
  d312ee52a6da023c05722a8738274dda8d1b04e99831cf57c87282a256c565c2
  96d0524a063a3a41a48a83009978d98d8abf61af68e8013b594fe151d9bec199
  902c4c70b49584201743c6b53103d2fd24bdf078dc90b5a188b4f8d772179988
  d0416c94d4c57c0860b9d7b53d4cd261f332a1851565d52ac37f008747cafe32
  0f363d9beb6e4117db43fd8aeebe5e0ce2f54e3f0367eb3cc971bbe0c301a8e5
  2f96094936035c6ee3ca2d13db483a0dd04dc16247de0e0894ad7cb7e1ae7ebd
  4f8f900582b20021e77f70254501c6ac3dd15d43bbb7931c5283244312158c2e
  b1b3e1117e194f0a1e4c783efbc62c9f81c21562d0d34a5f042b5eaaf32f31f9
  5c5b055f4e7a2070fb096f56c415549cde74f3864e8b9fc27e3299724b463998
  6044b55928fd6972785b280c25a3e21aab814ecbfb0c3cbec0914907ec907f25
  a1d88bce3d319ae8222a35945db62af7cc75cd29c1f5d98fcb93f750dc303107
  6979bb51dfc37d23e8eea78073a24d3e26c68e7bb10e459f2577b90080359ae0
  aec10318dcd9e0f9e34029c31b3e54b1855645db420618783346dad5b55eddb4
  f977b326a655525ebe2195eca9cec38a3c0d2273b77d3e68f1901c2ca5149734
  a51177bcb089476b18cba09fa8b9b46d94a2946f358e1decb1998652c58a9085
  2423e2c85e79d19724461627e6390d1a81fb1a72f9c7edc4bd747dd5c85217b5
  856141028414ddbe71458f0a0b2b589df2e1b051783b8f718676b1defbae98ba
  496c2a935e92eeadea0a8393ef59f9e914f0743fe65640ddf9981cea6dbdd957
  a534ad4e790efc974ee89938ad99d53c5b680775399326834729bb37b082e795
  f8d87f52e6c8a8db68e515c277bbea82a7570d4280896c987a0608903e306c63
  2a223c55f0ea3682039c4a3f5440f4b5ac3e6ed2b2dc900cecc72b72f50e49b2
  629ad30f0487b2707b86286f8c4f55659b25f9bdd7a6af460cc3c57a3982663b
  b717461581e196894929d84153d87a7f482d284b5b894ce1a78216b2a011f2b8
  8742cee52d5133e8fe77edae242f5af91637c37ffca32430509b2fe4756303a9
  a3659fe32528af1e10d8d43bea991b2d109786cc66d35b1d78df254b92cdaa40
  f91a987e4a922ca81050e5bc3530ca85493bdf2a825374d0a8310a6860284ec3
  ec732326eeeffc42bbd42bc91b73e5e7c6b599d016490637629f3876c3e42f8d
  b590e66a85a7838c818f78fffb4853cbef09434989803545dca87657cf7c7e7e
  6afa71382bc10fa0bb6480f243eea1b861101006fa0cff3275621943cc58eb4d
  c3a0428a5e425670fe82268de71c511d8ffbdc11b0d0f961120e971015ad5f44
  8886b802e3fac11672319d487c84f1001339cb969784cb57344f2807f8b425f1
  d73caf8496d742ed237f4c9fcd5a4e84fba7e27fb1a8ae12c4f0427ae24e910d
  951bd8c35d61f8a678db01caea8ef789a95b62ee1b8c5d32c6baa536ba88a107
  0ea61aabbf59294e3f6f974c4c91cafc5bbf6b7ecfd57a18fb7557d71e06e900
  d281b0b49aa00feabb35714af33870edd7ac2393d93177f79ee5606c9df176f0
  25ce49a6e5ff51a2a412ebf86ac0f40471c96ad4c119df230be6173df530ed65
  6cbd8069214741ecdd0271c603fb6c4a8614ff878d33e726cac6693e938ca3fb
  a82c4995c14a2d4af9014fe4c4c50b794cac596b52189f66a7106fb325b526ea
  046b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c2
  964fe342e2fe1a7f9b8ee7eb4a7c0f9e162bce33576b315ececbb6406837bf51
  f5',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  3031020101042000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  00000000000001a00a06082a8648ce3d030107'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-65-ES256 /    1: -55,
    / kid /                    4: h'65c28ec7cdef33cd'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534136352d45434453412d503235362d5348413531
3200ca2b702903acf278f47a0ca5abb69b13a60605a055f7334ed9c6de25e1ca
63ae2bc4995cc7f9279eaf70c25a1f46a77b90756657e2b1fc623ea4bd79c384
6935'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-65-ES256 /    1: -55,
    / kid /                    4: h'65c28ec7cdef33cd'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
  h'eb31a839b3b9a2de6740077573d34b0f8536f7bc480f42a07e44eaf3b5efa783
  6fb96ee559f841693beb99ac8c458343f233640f6f54243cb93840a13959e0e6
  b0dd1b34891b56cc126ee9ac4ebac54ba28a8c0b676266a4543abfa9f00d403f
  ae8323e28b11d3e0017274bad65ff2a322bd36b86e8108cd9704e47d70d7cc92
  8065cfe0c5c18ddcae6debdbd90e1aa08b2101adbd648399987aa2aeee602873
  97beb5c3e83b1ad102a31ada5c7a32b265ae5a7dc6643f6591d4b3b6109c7b8f
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  0c36ce7da69a8457263eada6ab152bc6928b3357eda17314dec890bda5fe33f2
  3d0dcc823480bacb02e7b56a68381216f0575cfa2491e68afb88653e349b7574
  5b0fa711360762ad8bab39f7e498c65c2ddc796b156dbef72ccfa3bca4789060
  ac33f0179c0a925c4697b490523066675bcc40519ac49756832fe73b948af61a
  f48ea20b775afa4e4880c0cd0001d9ee831e7e0baf5fddf12aba12b5c001108f
  16aa342bd1df76ea2f8358e2e5677997c24c1e467906da82c0307dfda6b8c40c
  14218c9a98057765bd154b1e6083ed7e9507e67b97d8356cd58c2bf8f68c95e5
  b15be7d43577711932f33ae99a99f2329fef451c132651a7aa44a52d0ca8221a
  a6f8d53779c160b61dcb747863a2a43e96cfea88c1203fbfb1e36a19b2bea394
  e9160bd9731ba5ce87509460aefa03396e314de7fc90d5135caba197cd3d991a
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  6247e2669ea62d3bc24da1175f80dc726f29232e5f2136401bc53556add83245
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  f8a3b82cd99565335d3120501ae01115f1c0f266a90fb3498528d67b039b77e1
  9f050a1cc1837f00f539f65af7e85c57fccbfa054355b501a9f0529b401c86b5
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  c8c3b9f87c289ef139997382759d991de9733161169185d546ff288e35584f61
  d44940c799e1f9bb8591b49a7f5cef234c454e6d97c8879869ce57a2e30bad36
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  923e1492a40d7d39a68f38f4c5baa982055b5f6e419167a55ac8c9806fdd90d9
  5e0f783ec4d90ecf89bc8a90689fd3116c4102a002714822e2754168c70a3cec
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  0577eb81dee01567a05356cf7433d68368687b909e54f495382a478abbd95efd
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  b0a1374c4258721093f386d6161ed32cbc943776ec1136b2bae812ab3f949aa8
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  51ea5a07ce06d972081cd015a348a6e69f963107f5d166e673d96d7f9d574035
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  ce1a4b104434db0c7e32719b7fc950b2a4cfad52ce167b6acc8c4a84a532a215
  13df7b1b28f6526351de26955a0e01924f4e4fb531f2d28a1c1e6312cedaf8d4
  a284a26de3f4ce7dc313f34121f8204a5f627c99c5edf0117998b42f315b95d7
  016c95d5d9f20415292a4e4f5f74c0ee042b3b7791be00000000000000000000
  00000000000000070b101620263046022100ae40ae810e648370eb2082acfcf0
  3855c76825510f4c5a28367b1e14ca9fe524022100a47db6fcbab3df76abb69b
  8e5c67c86b282abba06e860adfc513637ebdcca703'
])
Figure 10: ML-DSA-65-ES256 
/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ ECDSA private key d (48 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000001'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-65-ES384 /    3: -56,
  / kid /                    2: h'61ef765a64534160',
  / public key /             -1:
h'424b2f267e58d5b3b44d71acfc6a656bb26950d57c61db1c880bcfa1feab443f
  0942ab8bdbad7d708abbc356078f6d99a252271fe62c74091eb94afb9b9264c5
  0a888e0dfed80cd5fb2cbd3667e60d539ebe44930219cd4faed15dbb3455a264
  802b9f49bce42ee7550feffdd4642a55ade693868a460cbec03f4fc99a4e30bc
  cffa8a475e5395396674ebb81a94937587880f6dbd27bf1c4f5a9ee43cdd8b0e
  53b3b7fb49c73adfbc2d4f8c54303520c29bf97e26ee57db342d957c89393652
  2d0942b41d82ee3772a00570adfb545c1143922b0496f826a0a970064b36ddf5
  34b5f8e1c1cd0b5565ea846b45431f0618143ece89777bb3f61179ad20295fe0
  a6e062ae6eecbc2ef38f2ac1a22dc93b7b126336223c55b61eb8c0795542bbb2
  dc65e722eadc6866ffa9683beb8a999ad7a83e5e6e016c2e4c35f6f7649ad3bd
  52ec67ec1c5c6e7b9972771218be9554bba7727f0b84c44b9b0a8bd831fcff2c
  9779ccd4ca30c6ad75b04983e41de893ee5f39ea7355180b709c7045c22d33a0
  83f6ae07a114746d1bfdccbee5b9043879bb5a2e120e2a4636283f4a1cd4924a
  2de6a4aa3d99ddd88f48aaa4e88bfd1ea769d82c10779f2ded796db542971ca2
  89b76863ede5997b7e9ce183b43ccec278b10d92b87442ce0435bb1625171db5
  554b470239c50d2a0c3a41b2a38807db070b47bfb3e7d10f3cd979d69963c8d7
  9f8029cc4a48eb04fcb3d708844febaa8b6ddff01ab64d59358e6505c4ec1d7c
  bb14ed2212df458ecefc03fe03037b1505a4c9444322f5f98dfa91a4cb8c4586
  0a2dadc7515350bb6d431e49a6bc8f5ba956e682b0e513321a97d1962602891c
  9078f62a8a9646a31387a6f09684264837899e0d8ec7d11c565901298b20b345
  081690eb4c562c1aa3a25bef06566cb34c79bc0b25e4095d6ba793e81311e41a
  3329152686f00d4897f84fc4edf4b26d545365785ead8d63aef64a87c0b91a2e
  5500383956cdf5f6e37cf9d5482d1c8e3a5be38f17259ac45c9fa1c4bd3bf177
  d312ee52a6da023c05722a8738274dda8d1b04e99831cf57c87282a256c565c2
  96d0524a063a3a41a48a83009978d98d8abf61af68e8013b594fe151d9bec199
  902c4c70b49584201743c6b53103d2fd24bdf078dc90b5a188b4f8d772179988
  d0416c94d4c57c0860b9d7b53d4cd261f332a1851565d52ac37f008747cafe32
  0f363d9beb6e4117db43fd8aeebe5e0ce2f54e3f0367eb3cc971bbe0c301a8e5
  2f96094936035c6ee3ca2d13db483a0dd04dc16247de0e0894ad7cb7e1ae7ebd
  4f8f900582b20021e77f70254501c6ac3dd15d43bbb7931c5283244312158c2e
  b1b3e1117e194f0a1e4c783efbc62c9f81c21562d0d34a5f042b5eaaf32f31f9
  5c5b055f4e7a2070fb096f56c415549cde74f3864e8b9fc27e3299724b463998
  6044b55928fd6972785b280c25a3e21aab814ecbfb0c3cbec0914907ec907f25
  a1d88bce3d319ae8222a35945db62af7cc75cd29c1f5d98fcb93f750dc303107
  6979bb51dfc37d23e8eea78073a24d3e26c68e7bb10e459f2577b90080359ae0
  aec10318dcd9e0f9e34029c31b3e54b1855645db420618783346dad5b55eddb4
  f977b326a655525ebe2195eca9cec38a3c0d2273b77d3e68f1901c2ca5149734
  a51177bcb089476b18cba09fa8b9b46d94a2946f358e1decb1998652c58a9085
  2423e2c85e79d19724461627e6390d1a81fb1a72f9c7edc4bd747dd5c85217b5
  856141028414ddbe71458f0a0b2b589df2e1b051783b8f718676b1defbae98ba
  496c2a935e92eeadea0a8393ef59f9e914f0743fe65640ddf9981cea6dbdd957
  a534ad4e790efc974ee89938ad99d53c5b680775399326834729bb37b082e795
  f8d87f52e6c8a8db68e515c277bbea82a7570d4280896c987a0608903e306c63
  2a223c55f0ea3682039c4a3f5440f4b5ac3e6ed2b2dc900cecc72b72f50e49b2
  629ad30f0487b2707b86286f8c4f55659b25f9bdd7a6af460cc3c57a3982663b
  b717461581e196894929d84153d87a7f482d284b5b894ce1a78216b2a011f2b8
  8742cee52d5133e8fe77edae242f5af91637c37ffca32430509b2fe4756303a9
  a3659fe32528af1e10d8d43bea991b2d109786cc66d35b1d78df254b92cdaa40
  f91a987e4a922ca81050e5bc3530ca85493bdf2a825374d0a8310a6860284ec3
  ec732326eeeffc42bbd42bc91b73e5e7c6b599d016490637629f3876c3e42f8d
  b590e66a85a7838c818f78fffb4853cbef09434989803545dca87657cf7c7e7e
  6afa71382bc10fa0bb6480f243eea1b861101006fa0cff3275621943cc58eb4d
  c3a0428a5e425670fe82268de71c511d8ffbdc11b0d0f961120e971015ad5f44
  8886b802e3fac11672319d487c84f1001339cb969784cb57344f2807f8b425f1
  d73caf8496d742ed237f4c9fcd5a4e84fba7e27fb1a8ae12c4f0427ae24e910d
  951bd8c35d61f8a678db01caea8ef789a95b62ee1b8c5d32c6baa536ba88a107
  0ea61aabbf59294e3f6f974c4c91cafc5bbf6b7ecfd57a18fb7557d71e06e900
  d281b0b49aa00feabb35714af33870edd7ac2393d93177f79ee5606c9df176f0
  25ce49a6e5ff51a2a412ebf86ac0f40471c96ad4c119df230be6173df530ed65
  6cbd8069214741ecdd0271c603fb6c4a8614ff878d33e726cac6693e938ca3fb
  a82c4995c14a2d4af9014fe4c4c50b794cac596b52189f66a7106fb325b526ea
  04aa87ca22be8b05378eb1c71ef320ad746e1d3b628ba79b9859f741e082542a
  385502f25dbf55296c3a545e3872760ab73617de4a96262c6f5d9e98bf9292dc
  29f8f41dbd289a147ce9da3113b5f0b8c00a60b1ce1d7e819d7a431d7c90ea0e
  5f',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  303e020101043000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001a00706052b81040022'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-65-ES384 /    1: -56,
    / kid /                    4: h'61ef765a64534160'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534136352d45434453412d503338342d5348413531
3200c79ec61899152e19a013da80986c8027c0089c4f410362d4a331558d420e
d28b8c2c60b1befe5fc27b2ee0193537feee42bdd049245fbff880567dfad8f4
6601'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-65-ES384 /    1: -56,
    / kid /                    4: h'61ef765a64534160'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
  h'e19443c8b83477e64086aa057b1110fdb9e90bbe28e7c372dc8ae29e584327dd
  a6aaa480c02e0f9ebb633412f3add05c2b6a9840452f99bb1b10d926cba53ab3
  7c3854b2bf5637023c427552ceffafea21fbeb755d3a9a922975587deec03a4e
  6098cc21bdb3ad0b7ed57a420115f0fc2355f0408c89a0753d64dd2fea01563a
  f19a4690401f89bf38a18ee47285a32dbfc0d4883305f5fc11e8db301420d904
  621cebdd8a73fc16035a407b73d36ff150264e14099be9bb0ffcc59f95435d43
  1c9be88869cc2decd63aeb61e8e325d245e8ec47f21afda4c5cf3c8cbb138431
  7ed616f905b96ee8da01afdeb2f1f22ded82193673f0c61f94cbdb1dff918340
  fa49ff53dcc9c1d6e9577012a644a96095fc6068735397b27ee626afe7a89f4a
  9711eff0c79a5a8a131bea4e634ccd2b97b98b2d90b1abbaf3e2bed17bccc6e6
  5bd39686fb127a16fd5bfcc7a6233c14b6ce7fd46c2dc993e03f61aa307b0499
  e96bf4672d294bf3ed70efa71bd57fd331701cd01d99eb243d13d6079505a208
  0b89bfe6293a4a5b0c8bd8c6e6c31e2f702c4a10c5f47ee050223bc3810751e5
  84e6074f04b6cc020c028e1f55ee1c420b93e180a0cdcd29b36117ab817856ee
  0f5f80c37b6ca47393d94f660579aebaf6ffd08fb8721c7339857706d9bd71fd
  c497e473772c83b0b82d52889493e7a3cd538c4d35516da79a6136706146f93b
  8daf622d9e12a22a4a06403c22535928b9ee88cdfd07bbd19a7144ee7d6ef10e
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  3a3494a9128374880e50141a32cea23710bf3a32b25921c21afbfd3423faf2dd
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  7e5ca14f9e7d703e8f0a13ecbd25c7f69a6d39794d96f10dc6fb0a708e85ceee
  08c2d3fe89236b3bab1cccbf087b5e59a26297671d9dfdafb8ee933ea9ebbc19
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  6ead81904077e666faac33c59c6d11ada4eafde16e0939fae1f6be3a7396fe6f
  9c84e82351fc1b01285c5a5315571ac74b25ed8ae0959608cef6a06e4d8e1e95
  2a26a368503b0a35cb0b6aa8750f50de4a76dd33061f25d9db64f809de57f086
  fdcee1e8c7c77a9ee4c8748628b1ce306e31b30f2929d0bd0746afd7f46a6e1f
  99ec1118552903c27cc14b1c669575e5bb99ca5dd621ec163bf461a627bfd762
  af3c7c5ce0cd0662ebd6300933a6734b51ba94baea378f53a661d7a30753fdaa
  e326a3f8e1ca099ca17bd45277bc8e93eb4d8ec0f94e321d23b13eb3ef46eb78
  58ff8b7b441c989b14c92d930c44d93f7bc01cc3b986cfaaa5239cc3e2750c35
  da95d65f396542180fb2c633c696451c7378711472152ec3233d25764e077bbd
  ad28db9fbbfa00eee54944b1a74eee78fa2b655c3603825017c552ae03cfc832
  aee94eea6741b7537ff49d227b58e382e7e7aa3fdcaf94590af09c1571bb5218
  29241244e2dfc46164ceaa67620ce69198faa09128c82c45efa43879a3c442f5
  9fd5688d28f67208adbe8f1dc70f6d2dda33d97094f364908a2dfe4eb13af36a
  765ef609443544539b1b22c7509200d7e3bb588fb140f6d0095775ac7e63a2f3
  7754d76d66d15174bd33ad4067916bafc536bdb368ef37798084302ba1b63f0e
  34eb163b261527076a064bd5482bcd9671cc57428fd31d08a58d34d422538ffd
  a86b863bfe3be4360a0c49e06bffbd37e8e1775736ad44feda6cde0cd7e02910
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  e5172a75e1e54ebe7b31098fd5fe0e05904df13d917b3ee76c7c737f67c6959f
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  aea61a01b11e6b7955d4ee8524c96c5f920613ea3887b4d1156e3c4507e358f1
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  e86d047b0f7d2d95d84f7f4b34884192755e204e16c02cb7c079e77f410d7783
  aa8db52d1ef56ec270ec90d653239a7debe1d77e7c5ff1d8fcab84a63f13a15e
  8bde8842f10d80f8754be8f66a7a1339111e7cf13ca50fa6438458af8b59ebc8
  4e407898105a6d609893a2b350143ad93d0bc5590a37e656f365edc6fe97aa37
  4b221e1efc2e9e31e689dc71ef5c40824cbf6948b8408e3032560baf401fb22f
  4e07c3ed4b3d3f00d4c8b13c529f5618cb532d8e69cec545c2e27bee69bc9d2f
  36969d619398f3a09ef125b5deb1b2e942cf33776f21a715bfaa86df8f602621
  09b3305dd89a985a21248e8e3c16042ab6bc49ee0375255a2846430aeb869f6a
  cfe176f929e9ca5f3f24b308ad3f7b81acf9ac1aca2f4a920615169c3581c538
  326416d4ce07f9d9ddc0f03b8c1982a953dabe2e26deda3d482893a59c35950d
  7713fedd625376a38cfd48fc388e372a86f3e16804c52503ed4a71262fd5beb5
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  2846fd377c32423e573b74e6d7ed3de5bb3c696d81a952a2667e82e90643c49a
  4f7b65293277aa67a7dab804f0fc47f824fdda01a4ed24abcefa3bdd74277016
  6a9c889b34309b725e0f864e97319f28caa4098c755df3e78cc565691fa7161a
  6ef264bcf913626c58b2afcf639a715ca459b4ec400eae315959f35b30cbb9e3
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  66e47220383e1060bc94f6ad889f9b00bf6fea116232a95543ee905bc97aca52
  3079ab8e247d8c89ad09d4fcdcffa10491b0b1d37487a3b3bed0d70f5dd1efff
  1114375b5e81adb0e8f51c1f3334769aa50041d1ef0000000000000000000000
  00000000000000040b101a212530650230101234f6675bd6f8740e479d269dc8
  656157db1afb7be02c1bad2d02fc13ea383e16df3321c6725430caffec9a7ad9
  0b023100902abda179f4d68e6346ddd9df1726112d99276a0260ff299eeda4c2
  0fb7eff54e5a16dc3b8654e79bfbc73d6b3c49ba'
])
Figure 11: ML-DSA-65-ES384 
/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ Ed25519 seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 /  3: -59,
  / kid /                    2: h'93fe1616a4131f5a',
  / public key /             -1:
h'424b2f267e58d5b3b44d71acfc6a656bb26950d57c61db1c880bcfa1feab443f
  0942ab8bdbad7d708abbc356078f6d99a252271fe62c74091eb94afb9b9264c5
  0a888e0dfed80cd5fb2cbd3667e60d539ebe44930219cd4faed15dbb3455a264
  802b9f49bce42ee7550feffdd4642a55ade693868a460cbec03f4fc99a4e30bc
  cffa8a475e5395396674ebb81a94937587880f6dbd27bf1c4f5a9ee43cdd8b0e
  53b3b7fb49c73adfbc2d4f8c54303520c29bf97e26ee57db342d957c89393652
  2d0942b41d82ee3772a00570adfb545c1143922b0496f826a0a970064b36ddf5
  34b5f8e1c1cd0b5565ea846b45431f0618143ece89777bb3f61179ad20295fe0
  a6e062ae6eecbc2ef38f2ac1a22dc93b7b126336223c55b61eb8c0795542bbb2
  dc65e722eadc6866ffa9683beb8a999ad7a83e5e6e016c2e4c35f6f7649ad3bd
  52ec67ec1c5c6e7b9972771218be9554bba7727f0b84c44b9b0a8bd831fcff2c
  9779ccd4ca30c6ad75b04983e41de893ee5f39ea7355180b709c7045c22d33a0
  83f6ae07a114746d1bfdccbee5b9043879bb5a2e120e2a4636283f4a1cd4924a
  2de6a4aa3d99ddd88f48aaa4e88bfd1ea769d82c10779f2ded796db542971ca2
  89b76863ede5997b7e9ce183b43ccec278b10d92b87442ce0435bb1625171db5
  554b470239c50d2a0c3a41b2a38807db070b47bfb3e7d10f3cd979d69963c8d7
  9f8029cc4a48eb04fcb3d708844febaa8b6ddff01ab64d59358e6505c4ec1d7c
  bb14ed2212df458ecefc03fe03037b1505a4c9444322f5f98dfa91a4cb8c4586
  0a2dadc7515350bb6d431e49a6bc8f5ba956e682b0e513321a97d1962602891c
  9078f62a8a9646a31387a6f09684264837899e0d8ec7d11c565901298b20b345
  081690eb4c562c1aa3a25bef06566cb34c79bc0b25e4095d6ba793e81311e41a
  3329152686f00d4897f84fc4edf4b26d545365785ead8d63aef64a87c0b91a2e
  5500383956cdf5f6e37cf9d5482d1c8e3a5be38f17259ac45c9fa1c4bd3bf177
  d312ee52a6da023c05722a8738274dda8d1b04e99831cf57c87282a256c565c2
  96d0524a063a3a41a48a83009978d98d8abf61af68e8013b594fe151d9bec199
  902c4c70b49584201743c6b53103d2fd24bdf078dc90b5a188b4f8d772179988
  d0416c94d4c57c0860b9d7b53d4cd261f332a1851565d52ac37f008747cafe32
  0f363d9beb6e4117db43fd8aeebe5e0ce2f54e3f0367eb3cc971bbe0c301a8e5
  2f96094936035c6ee3ca2d13db483a0dd04dc16247de0e0894ad7cb7e1ae7ebd
  4f8f900582b20021e77f70254501c6ac3dd15d43bbb7931c5283244312158c2e
  b1b3e1117e194f0a1e4c783efbc62c9f81c21562d0d34a5f042b5eaaf32f31f9
  5c5b055f4e7a2070fb096f56c415549cde74f3864e8b9fc27e3299724b463998
  6044b55928fd6972785b280c25a3e21aab814ecbfb0c3cbec0914907ec907f25
  a1d88bce3d319ae8222a35945db62af7cc75cd29c1f5d98fcb93f750dc303107
  6979bb51dfc37d23e8eea78073a24d3e26c68e7bb10e459f2577b90080359ae0
  aec10318dcd9e0f9e34029c31b3e54b1855645db420618783346dad5b55eddb4
  f977b326a655525ebe2195eca9cec38a3c0d2273b77d3e68f1901c2ca5149734
  a51177bcb089476b18cba09fa8b9b46d94a2946f358e1decb1998652c58a9085
  2423e2c85e79d19724461627e6390d1a81fb1a72f9c7edc4bd747dd5c85217b5
  856141028414ddbe71458f0a0b2b589df2e1b051783b8f718676b1defbae98ba
  496c2a935e92eeadea0a8393ef59f9e914f0743fe65640ddf9981cea6dbdd957
  a534ad4e790efc974ee89938ad99d53c5b680775399326834729bb37b082e795
  f8d87f52e6c8a8db68e515c277bbea82a7570d4280896c987a0608903e306c63
  2a223c55f0ea3682039c4a3f5440f4b5ac3e6ed2b2dc900cecc72b72f50e49b2
  629ad30f0487b2707b86286f8c4f55659b25f9bdd7a6af460cc3c57a3982663b
  b717461581e196894929d84153d87a7f482d284b5b894ce1a78216b2a011f2b8
  8742cee52d5133e8fe77edae242f5af91637c37ffca32430509b2fe4756303a9
  a3659fe32528af1e10d8d43bea991b2d109786cc66d35b1d78df254b92cdaa40
  f91a987e4a922ca81050e5bc3530ca85493bdf2a825374d0a8310a6860284ec3
  ec732326eeeffc42bbd42bc91b73e5e7c6b599d016490637629f3876c3e42f8d
  b590e66a85a7838c818f78fffb4853cbef09434989803545dca87657cf7c7e7e
  6afa71382bc10fa0bb6480f243eea1b861101006fa0cff3275621943cc58eb4d
  c3a0428a5e425670fe82268de71c511d8ffbdc11b0d0f961120e971015ad5f44
  8886b802e3fac11672319d487c84f1001339cb969784cb57344f2807f8b425f1
  d73caf8496d742ed237f4c9fcd5a4e84fba7e27fb1a8ae12c4f0427ae24e910d
  951bd8c35d61f8a678db01caea8ef789a95b62ee1b8c5d32c6baa536ba88a107
  0ea61aabbf59294e3f6f974c4c91cafc5bbf6b7ecfd57a18fb7557d71e06e900
  d281b0b49aa00feabb35714af33870edd7ac2393d93177f79ee5606c9df176f0
  25ce49a6e5ff51a2a412ebf86ac0f40471c96ad4c119df230be6173df530ed65
  6cbd8069214741ecdd0271c603fb6c4a8614ff878d33e726cac6693e938ca3fb
  a82c4995c14a2d4af9014fe4c4c50b794cac596b52189f66a7106fb325b526ea
  3b6a27bcceb6a42d62a3a8d02a6f0d73653215771de243a63ac048a18b59da29',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 /  1: -59,
    / kid /                    4: h'93fe1616a4131f5a'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534136352d456432353531392d53484135313200d2
7cfe7e2fc5fe46ed5af81f6b9a7428b4dafeb4fe7107433bc42efe2b42b93d68
e52b606e38e1319fd243ef0a20f0f566b49e8de1d68d85da93c7dd7b020432'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 /  1: -59,
    / kid /                    4: h'93fe1616a4131f5a'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
  h'4137288f58044a10f47911e155f1fa50df9ba2525d4ca424c8a57ba69380affb
  3be527163b849e7667e5529f2cb0bd0ff483e16e8ccf9b5ded22afcd88d7b7d5
  6237eb5ff0f96bcfebab1e6f0602dfefc270451dee3e870dc32fe669c720d085
  bcc39adef67f3a99c7a884e361920a2754c0e47442473e662e784b1a5f509f7e
  51c41b38fd49231f068d3b871c256d64291dd02789723b2160b3b1bb821baa63
  a6d11038f0e8c1b65aac8e74cb02c331ed4a8ba9d695fad39b7f93fd7069f5fa
  95d755ff75f849f36fcb06c6c24192412aae6769782fe20a34473acdbb111acb
  7930031eeb7cd8dae1f823fa549b56592751559131986b18d2d32d73a507b1df
  20f7c24fa9399e8bfa1b21187d608cc289fd1108b9ce427b9c2884b17fc42845
  b7d94aa48865747a5f6cd9c36cbad13cc2e9aa8bb12f933df6a0dac625937363
  bca110b6848fc77af8fcd5f00ea3d09ce52da5d5f6899b0963a24ce6ae2ec90e
  8230f52dcf863d11dd8b70f6220dac80213fd3048d04b5bc2382b2dbf0b18788
  f049705996b3b8fd54b2c5a2fd945609fb6735dab8627d118718a6cca9f2225a
  ca3e2251ae4e7fb27048cfd8733c98e273148a5b284a56dea2c25a47715df32d
  3a46d3a58360e5bde530f3b2f72d86ee22c7a8da4ecfe0c06f9805ba7d79b148
  a01d7c8fd510c2ae42930ffdd541718b4ff19cce50d97b2c0f7c8288504dae41
  4440f1e727cb2a1c1eae7c7b9cf371f7eb168ae774baeb529bf814019817830c
  ab92e140b5431a8020a0a8a16e540ffce1900dc8b6aeb3c4e2ec734f41ea57f4
  8d7a8838f062f6f7543f9f5d0d831d3877892f69ed40f56f990bfad1f5d9dd4a
  d0a587a6c79cf6cfa5d74e60deceec90e25c69c86391cde3901c8e6bacc59f83
  d26fa94a5c84ddf153759631fbadb5192c8575be3bfadf28ca6d8038fc86b524
  397d308fd9c05c35f34f190d4b5942f905abd6fa3e2c98cb6d35ff592eb2867b
  2eda8b502458fdb60e06aacad135135719835d7fcebe2319479b33cf310c7e2f
  179fd87ea8aa89bd35549c1202482b977e26d413aaadc06c2a39948328ac6486
  97533fac497264408fead75e4bc6639e6da069090d6e2ddae03961dfa6f8751a
  dea13941e149b4c933d204bea7b0a7037c05388a4437da03b283dd603e22d606
  3a0736f949eca9f264dadb6b7fd3c2636325ec46720008cbcb84a1205476aa6f
  34aa3dbe197dba9dc34b50aaedf80445dcd78262dfac533b5fefe1c4e9adc9eb
  e4e345d3e0386dee5fe1fa93bf74acfe9db2e6cf74c21bf2526a39dced406ad1
  5594cf422b8209b002a85da83f7191a1eda15b9adb6c404b7dd8618367ada44b
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  53e510e127662f77c2b447d48c06125d819e372959a3f4655d626b4c919fbe45
  1a4ce5de52976cf896002d262ccc21d39842416dec72d85d72617a097af6c432
  55454a454161920ddff53149c30393a6f70ddb1068bab35976160934aec18d3f
  9fd0d1dfcbe10600fda161a46abbb0194e1819ba8e762610258e4764e805e103
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  a4f366523b97feb6c690ccb0cdf3ee8886254bac466a47c2a1bb0f579491ff84
  714fa2fd84cf326f4ce7dfb148577943921378bf4d36bb37eb60e790c236e156
  d47ce70031bdb75b009edc185a89a2a5e8d670e08077d8e08fb4e831fa573436
  2a621d165612bd13ac78c4b591344cf022063bfe54b44abb0f18303214871fbc
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  6639919d161dc7de2636f439347f4b467c2a020d67c521914f3999a4429456f1
  d60807703c432995edb9833aacca97e0a1fdf236bd1ca61699851d9a4641f834
  5162afe158d74725607c8f47295a4a18bba7064f648e417388dd6e4d0adc2e97
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  3c7f6bdbb2d89b16548703771140e36e6615213ddcda49197823b83bec6384d5
  85e959066d994ffd72d3a5481906c18e36d284a3f75e07127d1bcfbf728565a3
  def04ce3f9fad8b687c89fc98a71746059d812a45b9ef9c15ff664ab18349ea0
  d30e2dade45057066587d570978263a8d5db3aed59b1a913544ae2a92cfb54b7
  eba921b9541978e7811a4b8478e1694ffb665d2cd768ee2fcfe2c681c8a83e73
  b66b012769cbd62acc291dd1e5b9fd285ae67eef765230543a068cdbdbfd7fcb
  d0a2e7e04f7757e0f17fb42237f942f5ff3103dbc69b668f98c3c8d407433e4f
  aa17a947fd27f32fe624aaf02f423be85ba0f65f498bcb931f6d747705faa765
  09a61d72c15ddc5f7ade5c8749df10b7219619c42e7271d588b1adc5bd33ef11
  7a76e8f356343e0275bf3afded4f521dc5a164e6eebe4885707de1448ad8b019
  9fbc702d1bf638453377d942ff2c468f7ef99009fbc6cd64deba2c2108539486
  b6e95a22a05a1de2feedfef52367f186ba11d8dda024e05a446eaf708a64edbe
  a854bbb75a5169a36034bfa1667ba160b4a8346b4f001c0afe95a19886860d89
  afe05e0e4114241894fa411991555b6be4cb6dff51ec5d81ce230247158397a5
  8ca14f502eb7126a941b51062e4c81eae60c181ebb9de42999003535d2fdf570
  ce7f32b80c121552be38f468a2ac2f4ae44a90cdd7a983ae4a4453ed0c70a5ad
  da0c583805da62fac306cb5e1fe1e8a6a928abd836def927fced5c4e2baebc88
  c7e2c5acbb2cb1467b1c933f8a39ee1d5e44ce5ddeddd789287b7b882c7c0793
  ded528186c9d10ca09c31bfa8dc4ba605a40a1ef3548e8d34397a3550632e683
  28dc10560ad576fdb8207e0067909140cd6f3c615c7e6af3e3d7f44b2dc0cd49
  4decc5ef992a2b4f3c1623aa22947369bb5f515437d20039c588249d49c08da9
  27fd1430661d6f7f7f6570bf72623eefb44b84d128e7bf0fed3f2ec5d211529e
  6e6daa066549185062071295e05e49aa71ea3af49da7303b1b7a1f5e131411f7
  cd07d3574bed1fd41e5c850f7635e952b5535f1ff45a33a33eead1ce01c4b469
  2504e539f4f5fd7929c3c8554c6dbd4286d58408f6c2ec084c130d18b1a11f2b
  43376b27d0ecbee98d6eb5ef06f71501ff42579ce5dad799860859c794372d12
  ea465389d511e5bd2b412214b4722eb34148dfe825a1c920b29ee2d35d30bb49
  8f17e44bf2be1be90415a34f6cbe627aa741ad345c3cc727cd088061b321d4d9
  6bc49d8a8e25b77dd90134c5ed85e115307b9b46bcf7c0208f25a442d5175350
  139e2978290b6eac75c3e62e98f4be6bfe1ec0b056d20b2a98397ce242dd1940
  3942c30508ce9c0f86b3e655eb57b448f60087bf834c7f9dfae832913d927c40
  b5ce3b92d84fd7ca8e85000ee3e3ac0a6f924b59007c59797fa10faeaa0c5fcc
  3ad94ec4617be4e57866636af7de240a9dc83da8956e271f00445d937b43a1eb
  5b73601536864308aa1d21aa28f258811781c7c2259cd78404de978652ca076f
  d1ade0f712535442c5cf8bcfe24e2a47dcffbabc9e60dd7af1caf576c9ae1f68
  e9f66a8539cfc82e9b01e3d04285ae3b50357575b219b83268effea10e31979d
  c9d18cd7ad87508b21c902aa6da0b50d9f512840afaa2874de11179df94ebd69
  d1acd63c6da4fc1a21b4ae0e81ff356e51b0d2ff0118e480205914fb4425042f
  26a8bf677fd961e0884bf7fb432e6b0354d4e2d39bdb178ff38cb9636e5183d6
  02dceb17e6b1ac7e02452f337af66bdb60efe9edef5a8800dac1a3dea9f7ab91
  caf52205da92bb2b37bcdfafd5beb75783e7182c21d9a95bfce176e4e23d92d2
  d8d6ef342b64c432abea2a32a42ab7ecb89e856d3db3f3129debd0d512bedd11
  7aa08f0c9230b353e9ceb4a70dd8d27fbe9b9f23c96b049952bb8230402ff660
  fde27ed112f90a38c98190403b42f9b66d003f6efe12b4c3193e736a7261c501
  c1c1b8e0a60bf90b63033cb0e7b93705857e9ec3af127c4ce141d1f5a0f20655
  15d85b21dce502cfa385db9ba08851763f129f0716a3faa77c1137333e920edb
  e08841541eb4a12234dbf20efe374731cb6e736ad3d2de8227988eeb95c96367
  a06d06ddbcc37969c9bfde4d7082fd4f07e68a06fc1c8bcca1b3769a4460e68e
  092b24ea1afe5a8bfec06eaa8bb6f02b86424b04995c21191e60de99f5033c05
  90e9cadf4727a11a581979160b55f2405a7c903181de943b828ed47eda4e6829
  a9b34b986134a0c2daf1d055ff7dd1853525879b2c3f10b7846b659494c2ebc9
  2284e2d6a5ccaeaee75a5795b8ab01d67b72464f8e530292defe5d520d2669c2
  8f3e9eabe6a4a85b04c480ca4f00238bd4ec1259bd3b1a65ceb4c7cdc0c043fd
  fcef81934f9ff815ee364f8c4fe2394355316475f505ae0437dec4c32797b482
  d5d639f5f13f4fee31fb9fee27bc37301455db12dcd819e6f5fac02ab0a4e89c
  e567b73c68b72a4f660c5a52a6b8864e09202e535f7a7e9fb1b4b9c4d6e72f3c
  b9c7273d87c4c5cbcddef92e386c87989a000000000000000000000000000000
  00000000000000040e121b1e2156d5f0b67c59091e99501f48e0a427b19342d6
  b065f4f589277eeb5a68e45a0e6ec3bdf3a1df6bac396a638a1a6c0c61f40ef7
  9da701a73ae284d8f48f69e600'
])
Figure 12: ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 
/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ ECDSA private key d (48 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000001'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-87-ES384 /    3: -57,
  / kid /                    2: h'10da59a01e274d3d',
  / public key /             -1:
h'e45ffc8cc73db885dc662e62a18cd8e3803297117fa5658814a985b5ff1db7b4
  68cfc82bb929f1d86b77ed14f5ae16a65368772ce51912410105e0456975ae91
  fdb643b512f124d5e60bd68b8c7e31fe01c7b0dc65ae470501cc565a6e1dfcfc
  fd12565433c4afedd511821e2e9610c45275e2836dee35ced69d7efa672fd1e4
  318bef5eb6e897e8b451aa202ded042b2aaef77a7be3f699146da229a8bdb3ff
  a496445967e75217bfbc9048f9956443d8731f833eb30de10dac96fffe7cf65e
  a0445c3e31e8601e133be6a100764fe3196e267726441f31751fbf9a6f588064
  4f4e7275e57de2b0f105e4db055d50dd1c9c934fddf535b8de28b0c74c0449f2
  22cd2ed0bb8fbc775ccee8c940665b40f712f4f7e00750e9e1e4cd9cff25d194
  5c3e9bca53ccd4f12eee7581856ebd68f26845956e3e7beb761f0fe75bdd31bf
  e2fa018113397b387bd59d62a68b8af7fa245ab932e69f778e2ceefd21304fbb
  8099ea13d8ea57c1813197a2f75ae251075b51dad38f853669e9d5f98a365509
  8941993a1594860fba71fe530ee5c29f58f2978af688ccb75a5838a359c112e9
  8e25a8583ac8dac1f861fd58e2afba5de5a52e020904f5b42bc0874e35befcf3
  e6119684768f36e008f04712177cebe627607381e56eaaee161c1729b8de51db
  de474d48cc68249ea27162b87993e60c84ed6cc6423cb3676d9eb50b2cab5a3a
  049ef131381d623fa6fbcbc9db1e7cc025ea0418b9dad2cc6ccd4e95fa2cec24
  feeca70318a751716b7213f63edbf65a63338357f838f94ec071822c24851248
  885107b3d1c4e924678c7614ea1af038104619f2ae372940becfa69e29cbb5ff
  6c3e20a47be4a4f74bac34c133c00a6a706accc6ffd3d8e4fbd69a99704e1283
  c850d8c58d1e5753cd9587b83c4c346cb9a58137213ec10834c66adfe2bb5c50
  1a8ef2ecadd1b677a3df1a6deb86ebf0722c4f5030e20f9018dd5b6fc53eea24
  fd92b7b5b4025feae996d3e48fd4c650d82dbad7eaf936639698512f26253d2e
  f6847c8518e8565cc9a5495c6fff57cde7323882c54a7db470ab2daf8ffd2bf7
  94fa7c692d9e7fbd532eecc1d7880e2ca0b3216128be28b4a9f1d151fac97808
  b0bd98b7b43a612a9ac865812bfeac6f47460277840b52a3b087f916ca7cedc0
  f768ea2bd19ea21155f84b4a04c4000ad2ae0587154d560bc0a477a4f9329a89
  84dd31eb1f2a05e3d918701d630cfca9af61ef088d2c5581acb463e439902e5d
  425719e956b8d6df7305b28e0ff27d3ad0de2085d292499b19a3390d4396fb3b
  ac9a8d8cbead2a7a4290fc9ac6fca045f98a614a45a39cbe24360f84d14f8e47
  2712aceb74dbf45b53d49a0e4737e476ffc4d5b2f7cd247aa186d3b764ad9e9c
  feee456a73c291d8de3912414ac43911c372173ad7b472af35c6853ced2fe7b5
  fe0a89565ab33baa6f65cdd928319d7065e040e7a5e84f9aa903f7648094bad0
  7136b16927b8ec6dbc2bef0cc2856de1e795923e1412c49f24deeb6c21f6c8a9
  765c9c7986e0da4b4c67d8e0d0c8d466824fb923d8573148990cd2ef133c78ce
  ecab72ed9dd285c5a3766852d54534207ffd34027f6c76ede8fd1a32d72c3004
  8bbaa797d5df6fde27d087de5721ad7b7fa3e8d3f70d6bfc3ab2e252335368bb
  fa15acb5cb37d4694e8b23cebe25de9c925a221a183b904d3f85df9929a919c5
  4d6f87457373a0d6ecc1403e4cbbe620999435e80696634cd1a8e4747e9825bf
  a336e5bbad14f73640f1b9febe800dbaefe1630c61fae635b074c564eaa9db18
  9c9e7302873fc64e6d497bc5c29080987a07a21d4af210703a4fa07f2fd816f1
  2fd1e29b4c0f44afe9bd4a1eaa8a7ae6f02a5b4258f52caf6127f62632a67cf4
  e8310be56a7c28c86b2e277600c3e92c8d23d42586244c571e90568df202f2f6
  d81f860a565f9eb91a3c78372e2a8b1be61c5418cf49bf2d6c8955d4a482a991
  9b7660b3f9a4404ffc454ea073e1e4b2689ab2cca4e46bd7004a6c491fa26ee7
  a57d60f35edb2b821e6266442c8f335d452d524c772e0353724c23c7dd15b7aa
  155e91442022140c5fcb0153147edcf3e8952f6f0399a3c88066a72756c94099
  15de63f64fa797841c57c796c6fc550ef745dfe9f179457f94755ae5a2506a76
  4f327e550be3dc14dd41f3b04b147d454938c63a8d69b2ea4c5710ec0b36e3a6
  c72571fa5d59dde036c42033df35af056966ff0cd1204008971aa6ba9fb97b68
  5ab9ffa2a9d1778104cd2c3b326de1fcbc242e94d0311c3275b12850ed30ceea
  d3a2ee6d060508411d4396f5421d8b6d067cf7cb5e826785fbe119e05e21bd87
  9b64f57cb0cd1972c2815f20abe7ce6ab34d0f471af44baad179e90644122f5f
  33288e689ddddc5ce833e9755df1e73c65c5a201c4ede2ffa6b19274927719d2
  d38fdb7a65aa43708b7fa9a94aa7d3210253d78d3b181e1020d0000bd0a1dc05
  d447f9f58ebeb84c65b36c8afcb83727a1508994e826957a663b0b9b8a003325
  ab6d6d6462ee4e106019c0dffe10323b7bde7d82a38f85fd08786e860ba66c16
  1b64b0708c363de5c6af62d8db3c243d1e1b712cb1d59e942b9b6b4295a5a500
  b182cbd5fd1bc6ce9376d91b47a2284f1fbe0ad1c048cc2cfbb4afa3a9eb9697
  503b69feca990eba7e9441af9ca44cb3ac6b5ed66e591c201fe30efa8a7c471d
  c613d6254c263a8e132104bec47f1aacb3b2fcd4051b69b5e3fcb1c147a65c2f
  90c4b5188bafc521cab03c12a309da50b5a7517727ed41228ed123fe1b152f6a
  6319cd623bf34ad7b8e064ab993260bcbd405f5b7fff9b2fa40ba5ed56302425
  39e5d96823e89dc818a13d16675ee3079d976f694f5acc9760ae789e9b3391b2
  89e0e22a7ef17cc6a4577157b6d95c09baa4fd532e3ee0a290810ed35e56bb19
  d9b61fb98a97c617425b06093d98a5cf0ee2dd127f0eea600b9a0c67fbe761db
  9b77e5d5bba9701da1b883e521a0cfe88451f57bd36085b67e56f061f84a2e6a
  152a71bce6e522daab6a0a33ce22e537fa9793d28b617e6c0a4176a83aa3be57
  8afac0f2f5547c5516d218984755b7445c7143afa4e551fce0071bdb873b34e6
  b9e2b9e79ed0c69d288ed6421f237e860a0c6492ebbdd2a44c2c4f368dbe9994
  1b1e8561d859d3859f496cee3d741f252973f8fcc539c409e35cc80a5ed6df23
  cc3a65601313f5d681fd9540c5291a9e30a72e38c96413c47c61ff84fde78d01
  1b01b4154d1b920af003f7abb1e1999dea6a766cf9fd2702b3ce0ee57af931b6
  2124b0861b163a3b91aa4bea28076c3432df3b29b6c4e1ba588def420071fc15
  7de90eb2722ecc9ab00df3c669383a61a91bb67bd287ce349b4745ee7a479dbc
  eef166b9acc412eb579fcd6437307edda253d606b7be7599c38092bc52a85984
  80edab8b82b1d21c565d2137ceae0b6642619b16133d91205d6355029e9cdfeb
  9a28b373d95916b6b707d4c712c09cf36daf1a511b2bedb1aa70ee58d46a0666
  bb287784b0a3840c589a7a04d5d6f2216be90aa4a512d5632f5c9bfe7b8b1338
  2f999b95d367c7c46b968074ce315197a5ff3545c7b77a804ade56a95b5c24cd
  ece5937b5c0366d93ad03da9bc5db1b551dfb91e9b343d2b57b763439686d4a3
  04aa87ca22be8b05378eb1c71ef320ad746e1d3b628ba79b9859f741e082542a
  385502f25dbf55296c3a545e3872760ab73617de4a96262c6f5d9e98bf9292dc
  29f8f41dbd289a147ce9da3113b5f0b8c00a60b1ce1d7e819d7a431d7c90ea0e
  5f',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  303e020101043000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001a00706052b81040022'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-87-ES384 /    1: -57,
    / kid /                    4: h'10da59a01e274d3d'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534138372d45434453412d503338342d5348413531
3200c840f916bd4558291c80b45b2bfb745759b19cf711b02abf84ba80d74b40
21973d3da3a183e28ada2dfc047cfe759c133ddce94d7746345b844798b02db0
915f'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-87-ES384 /    1: -57,
    / kid /                    4: h'10da59a01e274d3d'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
  h'0743f9e50443d761268d1a3062fdd61c399a63b387c837ba6553c54702163fff
  3e68315ab6e851062f186fab61fe642db1ce79ab77016e030fb54f94e3899f76
  64f7447b7d24cfd3e606340d067022f1d46ce942d2dec890354c77b713a2e8f2
  e4bfb90e9e02b42f14fa37577b561324553f14a44820327c0101d01ca8ed5cbd
  6981a84a840a599da08e48e04c9187057fc0c8a75b3050b98dfc6411dae38bbe
  d7c169f56cd06bbee756f0ba7dd57f81ff4185e18a361912af9116899f4251ae
  809e06bf39082b852e364420c1f194248e04a03d06558d069c8d265910c7b7c3
  8a9ecf376d7f3d3766e956d26c176f39dc7b94e8a79c09f8c59670784354a3f5
  84250cf581af69c0d117dd8d2a43336537bce03ec9c587b8f8576173f8dec898
  63e7bba323390716c77bced750f07c1857a59ca30d90c2b90d3b2f94d56a4f36
  81e712c95ea294a304d5e7b0b6f6f3ceab7699c135ed3d7b594dde5c8493a0b0
  928745684e3bf6102f7a660dcef2afc0d17ef68bfcf2225356cc4ed1fb48a04c
  3487f55e1af403e4e9b6abf1f2c7b19d3fe7506ab0ff2d2fb3884880eae0f549
  90f57dc520575533d5057017ae44c7142d722262710ccd1dfc8002c564db8bb0
  0aead7a79f01d7be3c81777b443495e7c3de7d3b04e868481e2ef43ae57b477f
  ec6d988f7fae78748cd8579e1ec4186eded0faa8e09787ecd53a25aa879e1686
  a559c97c5cdc029a698e694061ff9458adfc5afdc4e8bced846dee11d39b9c87
  5195c0681656f051a2d061762c71e6ed63c98a06cbba2a41294cf08362f2a8ec
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  0000000000000000000000070e131a272a2f3830650230062b4dacf0090bc5be
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])
Figure 13: ML-DSA-87-ES384 
/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ Ed448 seed (57 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-87-Ed448 /    3: -60,
  / kid /                    2: h'a03b6fee7d98ff7a',
  / public key /             -1:
h'e45ffc8cc73db885dc662e62a18cd8e3803297117fa5658814a985b5ff1db7b4
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  d9b61fb98a97c617425b06093d98a5cf0ee2dd127f0eea600b9a0c67fbe761db
  9b77e5d5bba9701da1b883e521a0cfe88451f57bd36085b67e56f061f84a2e6a
  152a71bce6e522daab6a0a33ce22e537fa9793d28b617e6c0a4176a83aa3be57
  8afac0f2f5547c5516d218984755b7445c7143afa4e551fce0071bdb873b34e6
  b9e2b9e79ed0c69d288ed6421f237e860a0c6492ebbdd2a44c2c4f368dbe9994
  1b1e8561d859d3859f496cee3d741f252973f8fcc539c409e35cc80a5ed6df23
  cc3a65601313f5d681fd9540c5291a9e30a72e38c96413c47c61ff84fde78d01
  1b01b4154d1b920af003f7abb1e1999dea6a766cf9fd2702b3ce0ee57af931b6
  2124b0861b163a3b91aa4bea28076c3432df3b29b6c4e1ba588def420071fc15
  7de90eb2722ecc9ab00df3c669383a61a91bb67bd287ce349b4745ee7a479dbc
  eef166b9acc412eb579fcd6437307edda253d606b7be7599c38092bc52a85984
  80edab8b82b1d21c565d2137ceae0b6642619b16133d91205d6355029e9cdfeb
  9a28b373d95916b6b707d4c712c09cf36daf1a511b2bedb1aa70ee58d46a0666
  bb287784b0a3840c589a7a04d5d6f2216be90aa4a512d5632f5c9bfe7b8b1338
  2f999b95d367c7c46b968074ce315197a5ff3545c7b77a804ade56a95b5c24cd
  ece5937b5c0366d93ad03da9bc5db1b551dfb91e9b343d2b57b763439686d4a3
  5b3afe03878a49b28232d4f1a442aebde109f807acef7dfd9a7f65b962fe52d6
  547312cacecff04337508f9d2529a8f1669169b21c32c48000',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-87-Ed448 /    1: -60,
    / kid /                    4: h'a03b6fee7d98ff7a'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534138372d45643434382d5348414b453235360006
021f2af2ec0baf9f24cf03bb25c52395adea4ecd783ca310e3a37da65b90af56
e5802c404e38856d70e44b24efc9742e28169cf4c39ccc4597bf2582ab9f2d'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-87-Ed448 /    1: -60,
    / kid /                    4: h'a03b6fee7d98ff7a'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
  h'99df04038794328c1b7b3e8c5d773ca5ab2fe723ee77777ae30db0a71b39bb16
  ee7c928c1f1c7bffe6a30a5802f69c60f38fdc895d69fe60e755c1632b0fafea
  2476b386ab96bc6df4bfe6d44391814afe69ee11ecb3f297b052ce380faf01da
  920c41651314f89e197ce9a020a9a13af4a6e7720806e435bfb12720f8f425e8
  a220827d9c30cf7a08600ae3d5c310ec600d5aea409c853f2fb29943d0ad0ca2
  5f5d977941371dc5c0f17dd480286613dfd8b800774d79edde180736dfb99c6f
  d6b06b714b4324799fa7274c0688790614c95888ac31acbf685f766f0f62604f
  3d4debd9589ec5836d12b44b8fda910308cc2c11f1d3b015565f22b16bb713fb
  df4e2994cf7874599d1f41606a812e960f7ad0412ab6411da23913f5284bc206
  86ad00e8ce286427015744b79d68c66907fe7d896b701aaa11e52e880dfd1132
  feb32e985bec961314175e963996ae9aea5fb499da378e2c3732fdb3db47324d
  fd271ca841ac40cb52d8a2261caa6a1731c856b21b197e479a5337aebdb6bb97
  96f3a2fe95bdc56ce3aa068b949ba70be28577ea8459f72bc542dc40569bda5e
  1e1f128bb22a2d4a6e52ebe16dce3bf8c05ac988285fb86cc54a6954c3a1cfd4
  b09ff51711a3434a44e6558b0c4175e8a4df607673f0303d2c5f04d5f0c1cf35
  64900c80a658b9d034481f3227f46984eb04d0612930d6dbcff0156f5dd0b6ff
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  a1c2175cece06f1a7a2f2b23e1c9c721edd46db7c31d27527610603855611615
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  561d364f7b2c9653064941d7f9c8f785336a3ebe9af91c1b23b7c82c7dbce223
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  b57db576722f6083262617165d3b0ab85aa6f0b8ee936482e14cc6878bc50e92
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  c03b49d4a36facd2c98cbc13b1d6f9e94a02004fa70661eb6d24291f594f2e79
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  965bda5cf2e20c56d82ae4cf5d478189520d4bc3e4e049aedb43755fc1d49ad6
  f7b78f625142508c20ad9a181df462fcbff3b9f82fd76255cfca19b74b99aef6
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  af9c64e78eb7209995e2d2abcf66f6e8667fe47d0fcc9b77a5843a49d1a2318e
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  63d8edb8fde579f19f7dc1e5ce42ce7f15b8b60a7dc1fe2abe2ace68acc054d2
  6d3165d0488992c8e47ab77db3033e2b312c19d449f9eb4bd7bbda819b94ee5c
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  b39ed564df7b620b171fd71388775641a088aca69408d34dd931fef5c3b79394
  3f6dc5b885c6205bc9d029b05e12a31538557ff129d44ac3907f6ab184d310e1
  b0f8fa5e59d096dc4496732b97985a6f16e790a0498e062e0312b64791c06219
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  5ccfbf5f8d0264a13a78bec41b2bf9fa2fd2f6c1475248da60eced672879cedd
  3869e3c3d13c2a1dedc12c679652ed41d7c25f493cfb77229d7528d91f37bcae
  976f3bdb15d454f42a9c9a61dbf592f77d65f48183ef00d5d6f7232d1e67aa81
  fa2f04ec87ce121d4d6867701d6fce611a9e163a6d636ab33365b21b71b1353f
  54923bcc3c94e0b889a58d5693993ab9da6083c6d8bc56dcbb89460ab9c556da
  15a41e7b7e88e0ec008083a4b8b945768e90acbce8728d8eb3f4233c55629abf
  dd0e1b2530557475b1bcc0e1ec2478a2a5d8e2f6000000000000000000000000
  000000000000000000000002080e151a212d341b8bad86b7475f8e4330ddd683
  9eddeda3d877d7ac02f819ccc6988c46ceda9e792c9578527c324c5d68ec6691
  708e013b6b401b814c9406000a77fa163affed788a1491c6d5d8d1e67c3df240
  a049edd34a220acb63f78e029b239e35cbae299d1d166f73609f3da1aa580583
  5596f81e00'
])
Figure 14: ML-DSA-87-Ed448

Appendix B. Acknowledgments

We thank Orie Steele for his valuable comments on this document.

Authors' Addresses

Lucas Prabel
Huawei
Sun Shuzhou
Huawei
John Gray
Entrust Limited
Tirumaleswar Reddy
Nokia
Bangalore
Karnataka
India